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<p>Granite residual soil is highly susceptible to disintegration upon water contact, often triggering geological hazards in subtropical regions. While rainfall and groundwater fluctuations are key hydrological drivers of this process, previous studies have largely focused on hydrostatic conditions, overlooking the coupled effects of dynamic groundwater recharge and rainfall infiltration. In this study, we systematically investigated the disintegration behaviour of granite residual soil under three hydrological scenarios: rainfall only, stable groundwater level, and combined rainfall-groundwater level variation. Disintegration tests were conducted on specimens with varying initial moisture contents and dry densities. The results reveal distinct disintegration patterns across hydrological conditions. Under rainfall alone, blocky and muddy disintegration predominated. Under stable groundwater levels, layered disintegration along annular cracks was observed. Under the combined scenario, surface softening and localised depression disintegration were the main features. Total disintegration time (TDT) was influenced by initial moisture content, dry density, and rainfall intensity. Under stable groundwater conditions, TDT decreased with increasing moisture content but increased with higher dry density. Under both rainfall-only and combined scenarios, TDT decreased as rainfall intensity rose from 4 to 16 mm/h. At identical moisture content and dry density, the shortest TDT occurred under the combined condition with rising groundwater. At lower rainfall intensities (4 or 8 mm/h), TDT under rainfall-only was longer than under stable groundwater; this trend reversed at higher intensities (12 or 16 mm/h). Overall, water infiltration patterns and processes under varying hydraulic conditions were identified as the primary external drivers of disintegration, while the microstructural response and soluble salt dynamics of the soil constituted the common underlying mechanism. These findings provide new insights into the hydrologically driven instability of residual soils in mountainous regions.</p>

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Effect of rainfall and groundwater on disintegration pattern of granite residual soil in southeast China

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月29日

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  • Liping Liao,
  • Yinghui Tan,
  • Zhengwei Liu,
  • Zhiquan Yang,
  • Yunchuan Yang

摘要

Granite residual soil is highly susceptible to disintegration upon water contact, often triggering geological hazards in subtropical regions. While rainfall and groundwater fluctuations are key hydrological drivers of this process, previous studies have largely focused on hydrostatic conditions, overlooking the coupled effects of dynamic groundwater recharge and rainfall infiltration. In this study, we systematically investigated the disintegration behaviour of granite residual soil under three hydrological scenarios: rainfall only, stable groundwater level, and combined rainfall-groundwater level variation. Disintegration tests were conducted on specimens with varying initial moisture contents and dry densities. The results reveal distinct disintegration patterns across hydrological conditions. Under rainfall alone, blocky and muddy disintegration predominated. Under stable groundwater levels, layered disintegration along annular cracks was observed. Under the combined scenario, surface softening and localised depression disintegration were the main features. Total disintegration time (TDT) was influenced by initial moisture content, dry density, and rainfall intensity. Under stable groundwater conditions, TDT decreased with increasing moisture content but increased with higher dry density. Under both rainfall-only and combined scenarios, TDT decreased as rainfall intensity rose from 4 to 16 mm/h. At identical moisture content and dry density, the shortest TDT occurred under the combined condition with rising groundwater. At lower rainfall intensities (4 or 8 mm/h), TDT under rainfall-only was longer than under stable groundwater; this trend reversed at higher intensities (12 or 16 mm/h). Overall, water infiltration patterns and processes under varying hydraulic conditions were identified as the primary external drivers of disintegration, while the microstructural response and soluble salt dynamics of the soil constituted the common underlying mechanism. These findings provide new insights into the hydrologically driven instability of residual soils in mountainous regions.