<p>Agriculture-led innovation is a sustainable blueprint for the economic growth and nutritional engine in African development and environmental health. However, it faces significant challenges, including drought, pests and diseases, and soil health, that impede productivity and crop nutritive values. The dynamics of plant biotechnology, proven for agricultural innovations, offers a powerful toolbox to address these impediments and enhance food security within this evolving global bioeconomy. This review paper explores the landscape of plant biotechnology in Africa, highlighting its potential applications and the factors influencing its adoption. Techniques including tissue culture, marker-assisted selection, and genetic engineering and bioengineering as well as examining the roles of these techniques in developing clean planting materials for rapid multiplication, development of genetic modified organisms, or gene editing of crops, especially for drought- and pest-resistant crop varieties tailored towards African needs, are being implemented. Biofortification, a technique for increasing the nutritional content of staple crops, is also explored as a strategy to combat malnutrition, particularly vitamin A deficiency. The paper further examines the critical role of intellectual property rights and access to technology for African farmers. It analyzes the challenges and opportunities presented by public–private partnerships in advancing agricultural biotechnology research and development in Africa. Finally, the paper emphasizes the importance of challenges of biosafety regulations and capacity building for responsible research and development. The conclusion highlights the immense potential of plant biotechnology to transform African agriculture. It underscores the need for continued research, capacity building, and collaborative efforts to harness this technology for a more food-secure and sustainable future in Africa.</p>