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<p>Limestone, a representative carbonate rock, plays a crucial role in the safety and long-term stability of deep energy exploitation, geothermal extraction, and underground storage. In engineering environments, it is often subjected to thermo–chemical–mechanical (T–C–M) coupling conditions involving mechanical disturbance, thermal stress, and acidic fluid erosion, leading to progressive deterioration. To elucidate the degradation mechanisms and dominant factors, an L<sub>16</sub> orthogonal experiment was conducted, with pre-stress, temperature, and pH at four levels each. Variations in porosity, <i>P</i>-wave velocity, and uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) were analyzed to quantify the coupling effects. The results show that limestone evolves from a dense to a fissured structure under multi-field coupling. Temperature is the primary factor controlling degradation, followed by pre-stress, while acid erosion has a minor effect. UCS decreases by approximately 36% with increasing temperature and slightly with higher pre-stress. The degradation follows a “mechanical-induction–thermal driving–chemical synergy” pattern. A multiple-regression model (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.986) accurately predicts UCS variations under coupled conditions, providing an effective tool for strength assessment. This study offers new insights into the multi-field deterioration behavior of limestone and supports stability evaluation of surrounding rocks in geothermal reservoirs, deep tunnels, and CO<sub>2</sub> sequestration projects.</p>

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Mechanical degradation of limestone under thermo-chemical–mechanical coupling

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月4日

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  • Han Zihao,
  • Meldi Suhatril,
  • Huzaifa Hashim

摘要

Limestone, a representative carbonate rock, plays a crucial role in the safety and long-term stability of deep energy exploitation, geothermal extraction, and underground storage. In engineering environments, it is often subjected to thermo–chemical–mechanical (T–C–M) coupling conditions involving mechanical disturbance, thermal stress, and acidic fluid erosion, leading to progressive deterioration. To elucidate the degradation mechanisms and dominant factors, an L16 orthogonal experiment was conducted, with pre-stress, temperature, and pH at four levels each. Variations in porosity, P-wave velocity, and uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) were analyzed to quantify the coupling effects. The results show that limestone evolves from a dense to a fissured structure under multi-field coupling. Temperature is the primary factor controlling degradation, followed by pre-stress, while acid erosion has a minor effect. UCS decreases by approximately 36% with increasing temperature and slightly with higher pre-stress. The degradation follows a “mechanical-induction–thermal driving–chemical synergy” pattern. A multiple-regression model (R2 = 0.986) accurately predicts UCS variations under coupled conditions, providing an effective tool for strength assessment. This study offers new insights into the multi-field deterioration behavior of limestone and supports stability evaluation of surrounding rocks in geothermal reservoirs, deep tunnels, and CO2 sequestration projects.