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<p>The study presents the results of the investigation of the behavior of long-range correlations and self-similarity in solar energetic particles (SEPs). SEPs are high-energy, charged particles that originate from the solar atmosphere and solar wind. They consist of protons, electrons, and heavy ions with energies ranging from a few tens of keV to several GeV. The correlations and persistency have been examined for two distinctly different phases of Solar Cycle 23, one corresponding to solar maximum while the other solar minimum. The global scaling exponent (<InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\boldsymbol{\alpha }\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">α</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-exponent) using a method called robust detrended fluctuation analysis (r-DFA) is calculated for proton flux measured at various energy levels (ranging from &gt; 1&#xa0;MeV to &gt; 100&#xa0;MeV) for different years, which compare the features of SEP flux during solar maximum and minimum years. This analysis establishes a relationship between the behavior of SEPs at different energy levels and the corresponding phases of solar activity, gaining insight into the dynamics of energetic particle transport and modulation in the interplanetary medium.</p>

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Detrended fluctuation analysis on the variation in solar energetic particles during solar maximum and minimum periods

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月26日

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  • V. Vipindas,
  • Sumesh Gopinath

摘要

The study presents the results of the investigation of the behavior of long-range correlations and self-similarity in solar energetic particles (SEPs). SEPs are high-energy, charged particles that originate from the solar atmosphere and solar wind. They consist of protons, electrons, and heavy ions with energies ranging from a few tens of keV to several GeV. The correlations and persistency have been examined for two distinctly different phases of Solar Cycle 23, one corresponding to solar maximum while the other solar minimum. The global scaling exponent ( \(\boldsymbol{\alpha }\) α -exponent) using a method called robust detrended fluctuation analysis (r-DFA) is calculated for proton flux measured at various energy levels (ranging from > 1 MeV to > 100 MeV) for different years, which compare the features of SEP flux during solar maximum and minimum years. This analysis establishes a relationship between the behavior of SEPs at different energy levels and the corresponding phases of solar activity, gaining insight into the dynamics of energetic particle transport and modulation in the interplanetary medium.