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<p>Geomagnetic storms are complex phenomena during which highly energetic solar wind interact with geomagnetic field and transfer energy to earth’s magnetosphere, auroral atmosphere and ionosphere, through magnetic reconnection process. This can result in geomagnetic substorms, ring current enhancement and other magnetic and ionospheric disturbances. Thirty-two intense geomagnetic storm time substorms of Solar Cycle 23 has been considered for energy budget analysis. Solar wind energy incident onto the magnetosphere gets disbursed through different energy sinks and a part of it may also get stored in the magnetosphere. The share of coupled energy to different energy sinks has been analyzed using different empirical methods involving geomagnetic indices and from different magnetosphere models runs of Community Coordinated Modeling Centre, NASA. The major dissipation happened through ionosphere joule heating and ring current enhancement during all the substorm events. The coupling efficiencies of the events revealed loading–unloading process (CE &gt; 100%) as well as driven processes (CE &lt; 100%) during energy transfer. Higher the substorm intensity larger is the amount of energy transferred affecting the satellite technologies and power grids on earth. The highest amount of energy (30.1PJ) transferred to magnetosphere was during the most intense substorm during the superstorm of November 20, 2003, with peak AL of − 4141&#xa0;nT. Energy budget analysis is important in understanding more of space weather hazards and its impacts on electronics and technology, thereby useful in minimizing economic losses and enhancing the knowledge base of underlying dynamics of such geomagnetic phenomena.</p>

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Energetics of intense substorms of solar cycle 23

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月4日

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  • Devi R. Nair,
  • P. R. Prince

摘要

Geomagnetic storms are complex phenomena during which highly energetic solar wind interact with geomagnetic field and transfer energy to earth’s magnetosphere, auroral atmosphere and ionosphere, through magnetic reconnection process. This can result in geomagnetic substorms, ring current enhancement and other magnetic and ionospheric disturbances. Thirty-two intense geomagnetic storm time substorms of Solar Cycle 23 has been considered for energy budget analysis. Solar wind energy incident onto the magnetosphere gets disbursed through different energy sinks and a part of it may also get stored in the magnetosphere. The share of coupled energy to different energy sinks has been analyzed using different empirical methods involving geomagnetic indices and from different magnetosphere models runs of Community Coordinated Modeling Centre, NASA. The major dissipation happened through ionosphere joule heating and ring current enhancement during all the substorm events. The coupling efficiencies of the events revealed loading–unloading process (CE > 100%) as well as driven processes (CE < 100%) during energy transfer. Higher the substorm intensity larger is the amount of energy transferred affecting the satellite technologies and power grids on earth. The highest amount of energy (30.1PJ) transferred to magnetosphere was during the most intense substorm during the superstorm of November 20, 2003, with peak AL of − 4141 nT. Energy budget analysis is important in understanding more of space weather hazards and its impacts on electronics and technology, thereby useful in minimizing economic losses and enhancing the knowledge base of underlying dynamics of such geomagnetic phenomena.