<p>Extropy, introduced as a complementary dual to Shannon entropy, provides an alternative measure of uncertainty with valuable interpretations in information theory, statistics, and signal processing. For a continuous random variable with density <i>f</i>, the extropy is defined by <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(J(f) = -\frac{1}{2} \int f(x)^2 \, dx\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>J</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mo>-</mo> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> <mo>∫</mo> <mi>f</mi> <msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </msup> <mspace width="0.166667em" /> <mi>d</mi> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, making its estimation closely connected to nonparametric density estimation. In this paper, we propose a new nonparametric estimator for extropy based on a locally tilted Kernel Density Estimator (KDE). The method applies an exponential tilting transformation to the classical KDE, reducing bias in squared-density functionals. We derive theoretical properties including consistency and asymptotic normality of the proposed estimator. Simulation studies illustrate its competitive performance relative to plug-in KDE and <i>k</i>-nearest-neighbor methods, and applications to real-world datasets demonstrate its practical utility. The paper contributes a novel bias-reduced approach to estimating extropy and other integral functionals of density functions.</p>

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A Locally Tilted Kernel Method for Nonparametric Estimation of Extropy

  • Hadi Alizadeh Noughabi

摘要

Extropy, introduced as a complementary dual to Shannon entropy, provides an alternative measure of uncertainty with valuable interpretations in information theory, statistics, and signal processing. For a continuous random variable with density f, the extropy is defined by \(J(f) = -\frac{1}{2} \int f(x)^2 \, dx\) J ( f ) = - 1 2 f ( x ) 2 d x , making its estimation closely connected to nonparametric density estimation. In this paper, we propose a new nonparametric estimator for extropy based on a locally tilted Kernel Density Estimator (KDE). The method applies an exponential tilting transformation to the classical KDE, reducing bias in squared-density functionals. We derive theoretical properties including consistency and asymptotic normality of the proposed estimator. Simulation studies illustrate its competitive performance relative to plug-in KDE and k-nearest-neighbor methods, and applications to real-world datasets demonstrate its practical utility. The paper contributes a novel bias-reduced approach to estimating extropy and other integral functionals of density functions.