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<p>Phthalic anhydride residue was used as the carbon precursor and nano-silicon as the active phase to prepare carbon/Si composite anodes with different residue-to-zinc citrate ratios. The crystalline Si phase remained unchanged after carbonization, while Raman analysis indicated the formation of similarly disordered carbon phases in the three composites. The precursor ratio altered the surface composition, pore development, particle morphology, and interfacial charge-transfer behavior. The BET surface area increased from 12.23 m<sup>2</sup>·g<sup>–1</sup> for PCS-23 to 73.96 m<sup>2</sup>·g<sup>–1</sup> for PCS-32, accompanied by a decrease in charge-transfer resistance from 1296 to 724.1 Ω. PCS-32 showed the highest capacity output but poor cycling stability. PCS-11 delivered the best overall balance, retaining 443.9 mAh·g<sup>–1</sup> after 100 cycles at 0.5&#xa0;A·g<sup>–1</sup> with a capacity retention of 94.8%. The results identify the precursor ratio as a key factor governing the structural and electrochemical response of residue-derived carbon/Si composites. This work provides a practical route for the value-added utilization of phthalic anhydride residue and offers guidance for the compositional design of low-cost silicon–carbon anodes.</p>

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The impact of precursor ratio on the structural properties and electrochemical performance of carbon/Si composite anode materials derived from phthalic anhydride residue

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月4日

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  • Wenjiang Huang,
  • Xiaoao Li,
  • Ruiyang Yao,
  • Jianjiang Xin,
  • Jiali Zhang

摘要

Phthalic anhydride residue was used as the carbon precursor and nano-silicon as the active phase to prepare carbon/Si composite anodes with different residue-to-zinc citrate ratios. The crystalline Si phase remained unchanged after carbonization, while Raman analysis indicated the formation of similarly disordered carbon phases in the three composites. The precursor ratio altered the surface composition, pore development, particle morphology, and interfacial charge-transfer behavior. The BET surface area increased from 12.23 m2·g–1 for PCS-23 to 73.96 m2·g–1 for PCS-32, accompanied by a decrease in charge-transfer resistance from 1296 to 724.1 Ω. PCS-32 showed the highest capacity output but poor cycling stability. PCS-11 delivered the best overall balance, retaining 443.9 mAh·g–1 after 100 cycles at 0.5 A·g–1 with a capacity retention of 94.8%. The results identify the precursor ratio as a key factor governing the structural and electrochemical response of residue-derived carbon/Si composites. This work provides a practical route for the value-added utilization of phthalic anhydride residue and offers guidance for the compositional design of low-cost silicon–carbon anodes.