<p>MXenes, a family of two-dimensional transition-metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides, have attracted extensive attention as electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage because of their metallic conductivity, tunable surface chemistry, adjustable interlayer structure, and mechanical flexibility. This review summarizes recent progress in MXene-based electrodes from an electrode-design perspective. The fundamental properties and representative synthesis methods of MXenes are first introduced, followed by a discussion of their roles as conductive hosts for sulfur, silicon, and selenium active species. Particular emphasis is placed on modification strategies, including surface terminal regulation, heteroatom doping, interlayer spacing engineering, multicomponent compositing, and multi-element co-doping. The applications of MXene-based electrodes in supercapacitors, metal-ion batteries, lithium–sulfur/selenium batteries, and micro energy-storage devices are then discussed with attention to structure–performance relationships. Key challenges, including oxidation instability, nanosheet restacking, green scalable synthesis, unclear interfacial mechanisms, and non-standardized performance evaluation, are critically analyzed. This review is expected to provide a useful reference for the rational design, development, and application of high-performance MXene-based electrodes for electrochemical energy storage.</p>