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<p>The rapid advancement of renewable energy technologies has increased the demand for large-scale, cost-effective, and durable energy storage systems to maintain grid stability. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) dominate the market; however, their long-term scalability is limited by high costs, uneven resource distribution, limited lithium availability, and environmental concerns. Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have emerged as a promising alternative due to the abundance, low cost, and chemical similarity of sodium to lithium. Nevertheless, the larger ionic radius of Na⁺ leads to sluggish diffusion kinetics, limited electrode compatibility, and structural instability, which collectively hinder electrochemical performance. This paper reviews recent progress in SIB technology, with a particular focus on wide-temperature sodium-ion batteries (WT-SIBs). Advances in cathode materials are highlighted, along with developments in anode materials such as hard carbon and alloy-based systems. Furthermore, strategies for electrolyte optimization and interface engineering are discussed to enhance ion transport, ensure stability over a wide temperature range (− 40&#xa0;°C to 80&#xa0;°C), and suppress degradation. Finally, key challenges and future directions are outlined to improve the safety, durability, and energy density of SIB systems. WT-SIBs are expected to play a vital role in future large-scale energy storage applications.</p>

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Comprehensive review of sodium-ion batteries: Principles, materials, performance, and wide-temperature applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月13日

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  • Ayesha Qayyum,
  • Muhammad Ishtiaq,
  • Tehmeena Ishaq,
  • Hasnain Ali,
  • Achmad Yanuar Maulana,
  • Muhammad Haseeb Hassan

摘要

The rapid advancement of renewable energy technologies has increased the demand for large-scale, cost-effective, and durable energy storage systems to maintain grid stability. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) dominate the market; however, their long-term scalability is limited by high costs, uneven resource distribution, limited lithium availability, and environmental concerns. Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have emerged as a promising alternative due to the abundance, low cost, and chemical similarity of sodium to lithium. Nevertheless, the larger ionic radius of Na⁺ leads to sluggish diffusion kinetics, limited electrode compatibility, and structural instability, which collectively hinder electrochemical performance. This paper reviews recent progress in SIB technology, with a particular focus on wide-temperature sodium-ion batteries (WT-SIBs). Advances in cathode materials are highlighted, along with developments in anode materials such as hard carbon and alloy-based systems. Furthermore, strategies for electrolyte optimization and interface engineering are discussed to enhance ion transport, ensure stability over a wide temperature range (− 40 °C to 80 °C), and suppress degradation. Finally, key challenges and future directions are outlined to improve the safety, durability, and energy density of SIB systems. WT-SIBs are expected to play a vital role in future large-scale energy storage applications.