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<p>Graphene oxide (GO) has emerged as a promising precursor for advanced carbon-based materials due to its tunable surface chemistry, high specific surface area, and abundant oxygen-containing functional groups, making it highly suitable for electrochemical energy storage applications. However, conventional GO synthesis, primarily based on graphite oxidation using strong chemical agents, remains costly and environmentally unsustainable. In this context, renewable biomass waste has gained increasing attention as an alternative carbon precursor, offering advantages such as low cost, wide availability, and intrinsic heteroatom functionalities. Despite growing research interest, a systematic understanding of how biomass precursors and synthesis strategies influence the structural features of GO and their subsequent impact on electrochemical performance remains limited. This review addresses this gap by critically analyzing recent advances in biomass-derived GO, focusing on synthesis strategies, structural characteristics, and the underlying structure–property relationships that govern supercapacitor performance. Particular emphasis is placed on correlating precursor type, defect density, pore structure, and functional group distribution with charge storage mechanisms and electrochemical behavior. A comparative evaluation between biomass-derived and conventional graphite-derived GO is presented to highlight their respective advantages, limitations, and scalability challenges. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive framework that links biomass selection, synthesis conditions, and material properties to electrochemical performance, offering insights for the rational design of sustainable, high-performance supercapacitor electrodes. Furthermore, the integration of data-driven and AI-assisted approaches is highlighted as a promising pathway to accelerate the optimization and scalable production of biomass-derived GO. These perspectives position biomass-derived GO as a key material platform for developing next-generation sustainable energy storage technologies.</p>

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Biomass waste-derived graphene oxide for sustainable supercapacitors: synthesis strategies, structure–property relationships, and energy storage insights

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月27日

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  • Vicran Zharvan,
  • Eko Hadi Sujiono,
  • Kuwat Triyana

摘要

Graphene oxide (GO) has emerged as a promising precursor for advanced carbon-based materials due to its tunable surface chemistry, high specific surface area, and abundant oxygen-containing functional groups, making it highly suitable for electrochemical energy storage applications. However, conventional GO synthesis, primarily based on graphite oxidation using strong chemical agents, remains costly and environmentally unsustainable. In this context, renewable biomass waste has gained increasing attention as an alternative carbon precursor, offering advantages such as low cost, wide availability, and intrinsic heteroatom functionalities. Despite growing research interest, a systematic understanding of how biomass precursors and synthesis strategies influence the structural features of GO and their subsequent impact on electrochemical performance remains limited. This review addresses this gap by critically analyzing recent advances in biomass-derived GO, focusing on synthesis strategies, structural characteristics, and the underlying structure–property relationships that govern supercapacitor performance. Particular emphasis is placed on correlating precursor type, defect density, pore structure, and functional group distribution with charge storage mechanisms and electrochemical behavior. A comparative evaluation between biomass-derived and conventional graphite-derived GO is presented to highlight their respective advantages, limitations, and scalability challenges. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive framework that links biomass selection, synthesis conditions, and material properties to electrochemical performance, offering insights for the rational design of sustainable, high-performance supercapacitor electrodes. Furthermore, the integration of data-driven and AI-assisted approaches is highlighted as a promising pathway to accelerate the optimization and scalable production of biomass-derived GO. These perspectives position biomass-derived GO as a key material platform for developing next-generation sustainable energy storage technologies.