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<p>To address the key challenges of significant volume expansion (~ 400%) and interface instability in the silicon (Si) anode of lithium-ion batteries, this study proposes a hierarchically structured Si-expanded graphite/hard carbon (Si/EG-HC) composite. K₂S₂O was used as the oxidizing expander to rapidly prepare expanded graphite (EG) under mild conditions. Then, a dense hard carbon coating layer was constructed by pyrolysis of phenolic resin. This study addresses Si expansion by constructing a dual buffering structure of EG and hard carbon. Compared with flake graphite, EG has abundant pores, which provide space and inhibition for the expansion of Si particles. Coupled with the dense phenolic resin hard carbon layer on the outside, it effectively suppresses the volume expansion of Si. After parameter optimization, the Si/EGRHC-5-1.5 composite (with a Si/C ratio of 1.5:1) demonstrates exceptional electrochemical performance: it delivers an initial discharge capacity of 1167.9 mAh g<sup>− 1</sup> at 0.1&#xa0;A g<sup>− 1</sup> with an initial coulombic efficiency (ICE) of 84%. Moreover, the material retains 84% of its capacity after 100 cycles at a current density of 1&#xa0;A g<sup>− 1</sup>. This rationally engineered architecture provides a viable pathway toward high-energy-density lithium-ion battery anodes.</p>

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Solution-processed silicon/expanded graphite-hard carbon as anode for lithium-ion batteries

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月25日

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  • Shanxin Xiong,
  • Shuai Zhang,
  • Yukun Zhang,
  • Ke Fang,
  • Zijing Zheng,
  • Qingyong Duan,
  • Hepeng Lu,
  • Xiaoqin Wang,
  • Jinhang Li

摘要

To address the key challenges of significant volume expansion (~ 400%) and interface instability in the silicon (Si) anode of lithium-ion batteries, this study proposes a hierarchically structured Si-expanded graphite/hard carbon (Si/EG-HC) composite. K₂S₂O was used as the oxidizing expander to rapidly prepare expanded graphite (EG) under mild conditions. Then, a dense hard carbon coating layer was constructed by pyrolysis of phenolic resin. This study addresses Si expansion by constructing a dual buffering structure of EG and hard carbon. Compared with flake graphite, EG has abundant pores, which provide space and inhibition for the expansion of Si particles. Coupled with the dense phenolic resin hard carbon layer on the outside, it effectively suppresses the volume expansion of Si. After parameter optimization, the Si/EGRHC-5-1.5 composite (with a Si/C ratio of 1.5:1) demonstrates exceptional electrochemical performance: it delivers an initial discharge capacity of 1167.9 mAh g− 1 at 0.1 A g− 1 with an initial coulombic efficiency (ICE) of 84%. Moreover, the material retains 84% of its capacity after 100 cycles at a current density of 1 A g− 1. This rationally engineered architecture provides a viable pathway toward high-energy-density lithium-ion battery anodes.