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<p>In this present work, a visible-light-active sulfur-doped graphitic carbon nitride (S-g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>) coupled with manganese ferrite (MnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>) nanocomposite was successfully synthesized by Co-precipitation method and investigated for its photocatalytic performance. Structural as well morphological characterizations performed utilized X-ray diffraction (XRD), which confirmed the crystalline phases of both MnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> as well as S-g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>. The crystalline size of MnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>, S-g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> and MnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/S-g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> composite were 16.4&#xa0;nm, 9.1&#xa0;nm and 15.7&#xa0;nm respectively calculated from Debye Scherrer formula. The functional groups are determined by FTIR. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed a well-distributed nanocomposite morphology, while energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) verified the elemental composition also successful incorporation of Mn, Fe, O, C, and N. The optical band gap of the MnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>, S-g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> and MnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/S-g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> composite was determined to be 1.23&#xa0;eV, 2.58&#xa0;eV and 1.77&#xa0;eV, enabling efficient visible light absorption. From the BET characterization, we calculate the pore sizes ranging from 1.5 to 17.0&#xa0;nm with specific surface areas of S-g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>, MnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>, and the MnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/S-g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> nanocomposite were measured as 12.42 m<sup>2</sup>/g, 6.33 m<sup>2</sup>/g, and 31.25 m<sup>2</sup>/g, respectively. The magnetic hysteresis-loop measurements were evaluated in the vibrating sample magnetometer. Under 120&#xa0;min of visible light-irradiation, the composite exhibited high photocatalytic degradation efficiencies of 93.26% for methylene blue (MB) and 89.92% for amoxicillin (AMX). The kinetic data were evaluated using the pseudo-first-order model and the MnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/S-g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> composite showed the highest rate constant (k = 0.0189&#xa0;min<sup>− 1</sup>), indicating superior photocatalytic performance compared to its individual components. Scavenger studies revealed that reactive oxygen species played a major role of the degradation pathways. Furthermore, recyclability tests over four successive cycles showed consistent photocatalytic activity, confirming the material’s stability and reusability. The synergistic interaction between S-g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> also MnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> facilitated efficient charge separation and enhanced degradation efficiency, suggesting the potential of this composite as a sustainable photocatalyst for wastewater treatment.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Enhanced visible-light photodegradation of methylene blue and amoxicillin by sulfur-doped g-C3N4 coupled with MnFe2O4

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月23日

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  • Meena Nanjappan,
  • Hemamalini Rajagopalan,
  • Vijayalakshmi Pandurangan,
  • P. Elaiyaraja

摘要

In this present work, a visible-light-active sulfur-doped graphitic carbon nitride (S-g-C3N4) coupled with manganese ferrite (MnFe2O4) nanocomposite was successfully synthesized by Co-precipitation method and investigated for its photocatalytic performance. Structural as well morphological characterizations performed utilized X-ray diffraction (XRD), which confirmed the crystalline phases of both MnFe2O4 as well as S-g-C3N4. The crystalline size of MnFe2O4, S-g-C3N4 and MnFe2O4/S-g-C3N4 composite were 16.4 nm, 9.1 nm and 15.7 nm respectively calculated from Debye Scherrer formula. The functional groups are determined by FTIR. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed a well-distributed nanocomposite morphology, while energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) verified the elemental composition also successful incorporation of Mn, Fe, O, C, and N. The optical band gap of the MnFe2O4, S-g-C3N4 and MnFe2O4/S-g-C3N4 composite was determined to be 1.23 eV, 2.58 eV and 1.77 eV, enabling efficient visible light absorption. From the BET characterization, we calculate the pore sizes ranging from 1.5 to 17.0 nm with specific surface areas of S-g-C3N4, MnFe2O4, and the MnFe2O4/S-g-C3N4 nanocomposite were measured as 12.42 m2/g, 6.33 m2/g, and 31.25 m2/g, respectively. The magnetic hysteresis-loop measurements were evaluated in the vibrating sample magnetometer. Under 120 min of visible light-irradiation, the composite exhibited high photocatalytic degradation efficiencies of 93.26% for methylene blue (MB) and 89.92% for amoxicillin (AMX). The kinetic data were evaluated using the pseudo-first-order model and the MnFe2O4/S-g-C3N4 composite showed the highest rate constant (k = 0.0189 min− 1), indicating superior photocatalytic performance compared to its individual components. Scavenger studies revealed that reactive oxygen species played a major role of the degradation pathways. Furthermore, recyclability tests over four successive cycles showed consistent photocatalytic activity, confirming the material’s stability and reusability. The synergistic interaction between S-g-C3N4 also MnFe2O4 facilitated efficient charge separation and enhanced degradation efficiency, suggesting the potential of this composite as a sustainable photocatalyst for wastewater treatment.

Graphical abstract