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<p>Supercapacitors (SCs) are promising energy-storage systems whose efficiency largely depends on electrode composition and design. Utilizing carbon waste is vital for advancing sustainable technologies due to its high storage capacity, low cost, wide availability and eco-friendly nature. Biomass-derived carbon materials, with their high surface area, conductivity and environmental benefits, have emerged as strong candidates for next-generation SC electrodes. This review presents a systematic analysis of recent strategies for converting biomass waste into high-performance electrode materials for SCs. In addition, this summarizes an innovative thematic area where activated carbon is derived from novel sources like peanut shells, jujube shells, tea and coffee waste, hazelnuts, leather waste, paper waste etc. In addition, it encompasses the preparation of carbon-based products and strategies for enhancing porous structures by activation. Incorporating these materials in SCs offers the dual benefit of enhancing energy storage performance while contributing to waste management and resource recycling. Importantly, this review introduces the novel concept of electrochemical double-layer compression due to solvated radicals, which modifies classical Helmholtz theory which has no prior literature. We further discuss the role of sequential chemical and physical activation in tuning porosity and ion transport with unique design proposal of sequential activation. Furthermore, future research directions are highlighted, zeroing in on promoting the scalability, electrochemical double-layer capacitor performance, and commercial credibility of such electrodes with the effects of impurities and quality control. This approach contributes to the development of low-cost, sustainable and scalable energy storage systems.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Novel utilization of biomass derived carbon with activation for efficient electrode performance in supercapacitors

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月29日

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  • Yeshwanth H Reddy,
  • M R Ambika,
  • K R V Subramanian,
  • N Nagaiah,
  • B P Srilakshmi,
  • Sherry Shajan Kuttukaran,
  • Dae Joon Kang

摘要

Supercapacitors (SCs) are promising energy-storage systems whose efficiency largely depends on electrode composition and design. Utilizing carbon waste is vital for advancing sustainable technologies due to its high storage capacity, low cost, wide availability and eco-friendly nature. Biomass-derived carbon materials, with their high surface area, conductivity and environmental benefits, have emerged as strong candidates for next-generation SC electrodes. This review presents a systematic analysis of recent strategies for converting biomass waste into high-performance electrode materials for SCs. In addition, this summarizes an innovative thematic area where activated carbon is derived from novel sources like peanut shells, jujube shells, tea and coffee waste, hazelnuts, leather waste, paper waste etc. In addition, it encompasses the preparation of carbon-based products and strategies for enhancing porous structures by activation. Incorporating these materials in SCs offers the dual benefit of enhancing energy storage performance while contributing to waste management and resource recycling. Importantly, this review introduces the novel concept of electrochemical double-layer compression due to solvated radicals, which modifies classical Helmholtz theory which has no prior literature. We further discuss the role of sequential chemical and physical activation in tuning porosity and ion transport with unique design proposal of sequential activation. Furthermore, future research directions are highlighted, zeroing in on promoting the scalability, electrochemical double-layer capacitor performance, and commercial credibility of such electrodes with the effects of impurities and quality control. This approach contributes to the development of low-cost, sustainable and scalable energy storage systems.

Graphical abstract