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<p>In this study, CuBi₂O₄ photocatalyst was synthesized using <i>Illicium verum</i> (Star anise) seed powder as a natural biofuel in a green combustion synthesis route. <i>Illicium verum</i> is rich in organic compounds such as flavonoids, lignins, and essential oils, which act as both fuel and reducing agents during combustion. Its use not only eliminates the need for hazardous chemical fuels like glycine or urea but also provides a renewable, non-toxic, and cost-effective alternative, thereby reducing the overall environmental impact of catalyst fabrication. The obtained CuBi₂O₄ was characterized by XRD, SEM, HRTEM, EDS, XPS, BET, FTIR, and UV–Vis analyses. XRD confirmed the tetragonal phase with an average crystallite size of 19.7&#xa0;nm, while HRTEM revealed cylindrical rod-like morphology. The catalyst exhibited an indirect band gap of 1.79 to 1.86&#xa0;eV, suitable for visible-light-driven photocatalysis. Under optimized conditions, the photocatalyst achieved 94% degradation of Rose Bengal dye within 210&#xa0;min, with comparatively lower efficiencies for Methylene Blue, Rhodamine B, and Methyl Orange. Hydroxyl radical quantification using coumarin confirmed •OH as the primary reactive species. Additionally, 66% reduction of Cr(VI) ions was achieved, demonstrating dual treatment potential for dyes and heavy metals. Phytotoxicity assessment using <i>Eleusine coracana</i> seeds indicated a moderate reduction in toxicity after treatment. Furthermore, the CuBi₂O₄-modified electrode exhibited notable electrochemical dopamine sensing with a detection limit of 0.4 µM, highlighting its multifunctional application potential.</p>

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Green synthesis of CuBi2O4 using Illicium verum seeds: application to photocatalyst for dye degradation, detoxification of Cr (VI), eco-toxicological plant assessment, electrochemical detection of dopamine

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月10日

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  • Nalina R.,
  • Naveen M. V.,
  • Latha K. P.,
  • Harini R.,
  • Nagaraju G.

摘要

In this study, CuBi₂O₄ photocatalyst was synthesized using Illicium verum (Star anise) seed powder as a natural biofuel in a green combustion synthesis route. Illicium verum is rich in organic compounds such as flavonoids, lignins, and essential oils, which act as both fuel and reducing agents during combustion. Its use not only eliminates the need for hazardous chemical fuels like glycine or urea but also provides a renewable, non-toxic, and cost-effective alternative, thereby reducing the overall environmental impact of catalyst fabrication. The obtained CuBi₂O₄ was characterized by XRD, SEM, HRTEM, EDS, XPS, BET, FTIR, and UV–Vis analyses. XRD confirmed the tetragonal phase with an average crystallite size of 19.7 nm, while HRTEM revealed cylindrical rod-like morphology. The catalyst exhibited an indirect band gap of 1.79 to 1.86 eV, suitable for visible-light-driven photocatalysis. Under optimized conditions, the photocatalyst achieved 94% degradation of Rose Bengal dye within 210 min, with comparatively lower efficiencies for Methylene Blue, Rhodamine B, and Methyl Orange. Hydroxyl radical quantification using coumarin confirmed •OH as the primary reactive species. Additionally, 66% reduction of Cr(VI) ions was achieved, demonstrating dual treatment potential for dyes and heavy metals. Phytotoxicity assessment using Eleusine coracana seeds indicated a moderate reduction in toxicity after treatment. Furthermore, the CuBi₂O₄-modified electrode exhibited notable electrochemical dopamine sensing with a detection limit of 0.4 µM, highlighting its multifunctional application potential.