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<p>p-CuO/n-ZnO based heterojunction devices show potential for low-cost solar cells. Here, we have synthesized the Sm<sup>3+</sup> doped ZnO nanoparticles via a facile wet chemical approach and used to fabricate the solar cells. Transmission electron microscopic images indicated an increase in particle size from ~ 10&#xa0;nm (pristine ZnO) to 25&#xa0;nm (Sm³⁺-doped ZnO). UV–vis absorption studies revealed a bandgap reduction from 3.32&#xa0;eV to 3.01&#xa0;eV upon Sm³⁺ doping. Electrical measurements showed improved conductivity (12.9 to 21.2&#xa0;S·cm⁻¹), carrier concentration (2.76 × 10¹⁸ to 3.16 × 10¹⁸ cm⁻³), and mobility (23.9 to 40.1&#xa0;cm²·V⁻¹·s⁻¹). The fabricated FTO/n-ZnO/p-CuO/Ag heterojunction solar cells exhibited open-circuit voltages of 0.48, 0.57, 0.57, and 0.58&#xa0;V and corresponding efficiencies of 3.65%, 4.10%, 4.53%, and 4.76% for pristine, 1%, 3%, and 5% Sm³⁺-doped ZnO devices, respectively. The improved performance is attributed to optimized band alignment, increased carrier density, and enhanced electrical properties due to Sm³⁺ incorporation. This study demonstrates, Sm³⁺ doping in ZnO not only improves crystallinity, carrier mobility, and conductivity but also optimizes band alignment with CuO, leading to enhanced photovoltaic efficiency in p-CuO/n-ZnO heterojunction devices. The results establish Sm³⁺ incorporation as a novel and effective strategy for improving oxide-based solar cell performance.</p>

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Facile synthesis of Sm³⁺-doped ZnO nanoparticles for enhanced photovoltaic performance in p-CuO/n-ZnO heterojunction devices

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月13日

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  • Nagarajan Duraisamy,
  • Nagaraj Balakrishnan,
  • Jaya Jayabalan,
  • Devika Manickam

摘要

p-CuO/n-ZnO based heterojunction devices show potential for low-cost solar cells. Here, we have synthesized the Sm3+ doped ZnO nanoparticles via a facile wet chemical approach and used to fabricate the solar cells. Transmission electron microscopic images indicated an increase in particle size from ~ 10 nm (pristine ZnO) to 25 nm (Sm³⁺-doped ZnO). UV–vis absorption studies revealed a bandgap reduction from 3.32 eV to 3.01 eV upon Sm³⁺ doping. Electrical measurements showed improved conductivity (12.9 to 21.2 S·cm⁻¹), carrier concentration (2.76 × 10¹⁸ to 3.16 × 10¹⁸ cm⁻³), and mobility (23.9 to 40.1 cm²·V⁻¹·s⁻¹). The fabricated FTO/n-ZnO/p-CuO/Ag heterojunction solar cells exhibited open-circuit voltages of 0.48, 0.57, 0.57, and 0.58 V and corresponding efficiencies of 3.65%, 4.10%, 4.53%, and 4.76% for pristine, 1%, 3%, and 5% Sm³⁺-doped ZnO devices, respectively. The improved performance is attributed to optimized band alignment, increased carrier density, and enhanced electrical properties due to Sm³⁺ incorporation. This study demonstrates, Sm³⁺ doping in ZnO not only improves crystallinity, carrier mobility, and conductivity but also optimizes band alignment with CuO, leading to enhanced photovoltaic efficiency in p-CuO/n-ZnO heterojunction devices. The results establish Sm³⁺ incorporation as a novel and effective strategy for improving oxide-based solar cell performance.