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<p>Since the invention of intercalation cathodes, the development of Li-ion battery has evolved significantly in the last millennium. 2-dimensional layered LMO<sub>2</sub> of LiCoO<sub>2</sub> demonstrates outstanding results in working voltage, capacity, and energy density, but there are still concerns regarding sustainability of its core element cobalt, conductivity, thermal sensitivity, and stability. Next generation intercalation cathode of 3-dimensional spinel LM<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> shows excellence in working voltage and conductivity, but it bears the issue with low capacity and high thermal sensitivity. Jhan-Teller distortion occurs when its core element Mn for LiMn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> have different electronic configurations. Last generation cathode of olivine LiMXO<sub>4</sub> by LiFePO<sub>4</sub> shows superiority in stability and thermal sensitivity due to its 1-dimensional sites of Li-ion in FePO<sub>4</sub> layers but it still has consequences for low capacity and low conductivity. Several strategies were established to overcome issues according to mechanism related with intercalation cathodes: (1) surface modification, (2) defect structure, (3) composite structure, (4) ternary layered configuration, and (5) lithium excess enhancement by lithium rich layered oxide (LLO). Finally, this paper also discusses upcoming conversion-based cathodes to succeed limitations of intercalation cathodes.</p>

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Advanced intercalation cathodes for lithium-ion batteries: Challenges, strategies, and next successors

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月27日

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  • Rizki Febrian,
  • Dewi Idamayanti,
  • Ni Luh Wulan Septiani,
  • Brian Yuliarto,
  • Andri Hardiansyah,
  • Achmad Rochliadi,
  • Nugraha

摘要

Since the invention of intercalation cathodes, the development of Li-ion battery has evolved significantly in the last millennium. 2-dimensional layered LMO2 of LiCoO2 demonstrates outstanding results in working voltage, capacity, and energy density, but there are still concerns regarding sustainability of its core element cobalt, conductivity, thermal sensitivity, and stability. Next generation intercalation cathode of 3-dimensional spinel LM2O4 shows excellence in working voltage and conductivity, but it bears the issue with low capacity and high thermal sensitivity. Jhan-Teller distortion occurs when its core element Mn for LiMn2O4 have different electronic configurations. Last generation cathode of olivine LiMXO4 by LiFePO4 shows superiority in stability and thermal sensitivity due to its 1-dimensional sites of Li-ion in FePO4 layers but it still has consequences for low capacity and low conductivity. Several strategies were established to overcome issues according to mechanism related with intercalation cathodes: (1) surface modification, (2) defect structure, (3) composite structure, (4) ternary layered configuration, and (5) lithium excess enhancement by lithium rich layered oxide (LLO). Finally, this paper also discusses upcoming conversion-based cathodes to succeed limitations of intercalation cathodes.