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<p>Hard carbon produced from biomass is an economically viable and environmentally benign anode material for sodium-ion batteries. In this study, hard carbon (PS1200-HC) derived from peanut shells was investigated as an anode material for sodium-ion batteries. Peanut shells were carbonized at 1200&#xa0;°C under argon with a heating rate of 3&#xa0;°C/min, followed by acid washing and drying. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed two broad peaks at 2<i>θ</i>≈23° and 43°, indicating an amorphous structure with a large interlayer spacing suitable for Na⁺ intercalation. BET analysis showed a specific surface area of 7.03 m<sup>2</sup>/g and an average pore size of 8.89&#xa0;nm, confirming the presence of mesopores. Raman spectroscopy exhibited a high ID/IG ratio of (1.2), suggesting significant structural disorder. Electrochemical tests in CR2032 coin cells demonstrated an initial discharge capacity exceeding 270.2 mAh/g, stabilizing around 209.1 mAh/g after several cycles. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) curves showed good reversibility, and the C-rate performance indicated high capacity retention at various current densities. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) revealed a low solution resistance (Rs = 3.35 Ω) and moderate charge transfer resistance (R1 = 1840 Ω; R2 = 208 Ω), demonstrating efficient ion transport. These results indicate that peanut shell-derived hard carbon is a promising, cost-effective, and sustainable anode material for high-performance sodium-ion batteries.</p>

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Structural properties and sodium-ion storage performance of peanut shell-derived hard carbon

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月5日

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  • Mesut Karta

摘要

Hard carbon produced from biomass is an economically viable and environmentally benign anode material for sodium-ion batteries. In this study, hard carbon (PS1200-HC) derived from peanut shells was investigated as an anode material for sodium-ion batteries. Peanut shells were carbonized at 1200 °C under argon with a heating rate of 3 °C/min, followed by acid washing and drying. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed two broad peaks at 2θ≈23° and 43°, indicating an amorphous structure with a large interlayer spacing suitable for Na⁺ intercalation. BET analysis showed a specific surface area of 7.03 m2/g and an average pore size of 8.89 nm, confirming the presence of mesopores. Raman spectroscopy exhibited a high ID/IG ratio of (1.2), suggesting significant structural disorder. Electrochemical tests in CR2032 coin cells demonstrated an initial discharge capacity exceeding 270.2 mAh/g, stabilizing around 209.1 mAh/g after several cycles. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) curves showed good reversibility, and the C-rate performance indicated high capacity retention at various current densities. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) revealed a low solution resistance (Rs = 3.35 Ω) and moderate charge transfer resistance (R1 = 1840 Ω; R2 = 208 Ω), demonstrating efficient ion transport. These results indicate that peanut shell-derived hard carbon is a promising, cost-effective, and sustainable anode material for high-performance sodium-ion batteries.