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<p>Damping-off disease caused by <i>Rhizoctonia solani</i> is a devastating soil-borne disease that severely impacts <i>Pinus sylvestris</i> var<i>. mongolica</i> seedlings in forest nurseries, often leading to significant economic losses. To develop an environmentally sustainable control strategy, this study evaluated the individual and combined effects of the biocontrol fungus <i>Trichoderma virens</i> T43 and the ectomycorrhizal fungus <i>Suillus luteus</i> N94 against <i>R. solani</i>. In vitro confrontation assays demonstrated that both fungi exhibited strong antagonistic activity, with T43 and N94 inhibiting <i>R. solani</i> growth by 58.8% and 52.95%, respectively, through hyphal interference and production of antifungal metabolites. Greenhouse trials revealed that dual inoculation (N94 + T43) provided superior disease control, reducing disease incidence by 66.27% compared to single treatments, while also significantly promoting seedling growth. Soil enzyme analysis showed the combined treatment enhanced catalase (31.8%), peroxidase (37.8%), sucrase (80.0%), and urease (44.0%) activities, indicating improved soil health. Biolog EcoPlate analysis further demonstrated that co-inoculation increased microbial community diversity (Shannon index + 11.3%) and carbon source utilization capacity (22.8% increase). Transcriptome analysis identified 380 differentially expressed genes in seedling roots under N94 + T43 treatment, with significant upregulation of key calcium signaling genes (<i>CNGCs</i>, <i>CMLs</i>) involved in plant defense responses. These findings demonstrate that the synergistic interaction between T43 and N94 provides comprehensive protection against damping-off through multiple mechanisms: direct pathogen suppression, rhizosphere microbiome modulation, and host defense priming. This study presents a novel, eco-friendly approach for integrated disease management in conifer nurseries, highlighting the potential of combining <i>Trichoderma</i> with ectomycorrhizal fungi for sustainable forestry practices.</p>

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Trichoderma viride and Suillus luteus synergistically mitigate Rhizoctonia solani-induced damping-off in Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica through multi-modal mechanisms

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月19日

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  • Yongfeng Yang,
  • Huifang Zhang,
  • Jia Yu,
  • Zhihua Liu,
  • Jinyu Qi

摘要

Damping-off disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani is a devastating soil-borne disease that severely impacts Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica seedlings in forest nurseries, often leading to significant economic losses. To develop an environmentally sustainable control strategy, this study evaluated the individual and combined effects of the biocontrol fungus Trichoderma virens T43 and the ectomycorrhizal fungus Suillus luteus N94 against R. solani. In vitro confrontation assays demonstrated that both fungi exhibited strong antagonistic activity, with T43 and N94 inhibiting R. solani growth by 58.8% and 52.95%, respectively, through hyphal interference and production of antifungal metabolites. Greenhouse trials revealed that dual inoculation (N94 + T43) provided superior disease control, reducing disease incidence by 66.27% compared to single treatments, while also significantly promoting seedling growth. Soil enzyme analysis showed the combined treatment enhanced catalase (31.8%), peroxidase (37.8%), sucrase (80.0%), and urease (44.0%) activities, indicating improved soil health. Biolog EcoPlate analysis further demonstrated that co-inoculation increased microbial community diversity (Shannon index + 11.3%) and carbon source utilization capacity (22.8% increase). Transcriptome analysis identified 380 differentially expressed genes in seedling roots under N94 + T43 treatment, with significant upregulation of key calcium signaling genes (CNGCs, CMLs) involved in plant defense responses. These findings demonstrate that the synergistic interaction between T43 and N94 provides comprehensive protection against damping-off through multiple mechanisms: direct pathogen suppression, rhizosphere microbiome modulation, and host defense priming. This study presents a novel, eco-friendly approach for integrated disease management in conifer nurseries, highlighting the potential of combining Trichoderma with ectomycorrhizal fungi for sustainable forestry practices.