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<p>This meta-analysis investigates the potential of augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) to significantly enhance learning outcomes (LO) within higher education contexts. By synthesizing data from 21 studies and 41 interventions, the findings reveal a significant positive effect size (d = 0.98, 95% CI [0.77, 1.20]), showcasing AR and VR’s ability to enhance comprehension, retention, and engagement, with post-test score improvements of up to 26.42%. These technologies significantly enhance traditional learning by offering immersive, interactive experiences that bridge theoretical knowledge and practical application, particularly in STEM and skill-based fields. Despite challenges such as high costs and infrastructure demands, AR and VR present scalable opportunities for increasing student motivation and inclusivity. This research provides actionable insights for educators, policymakers, and developers to optimize AR/VR integration, fostering innovative pedagogical practices and equitable access to advanced learning tools. However, the durability of these improvements over time remains unclear, highlighting the need for longitudinal research, cost-effective implementation, and strategies for addressing the digital divide.</p>

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Effectiveness of Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality Interventions on Learning Outcomes: A Meta-Analysis in Higher Education

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月10日

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  • Abhishek Kumar,
  • Jitendranath Gorai

摘要

This meta-analysis investigates the potential of augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) to significantly enhance learning outcomes (LO) within higher education contexts. By synthesizing data from 21 studies and 41 interventions, the findings reveal a significant positive effect size (d = 0.98, 95% CI [0.77, 1.20]), showcasing AR and VR’s ability to enhance comprehension, retention, and engagement, with post-test score improvements of up to 26.42%. These technologies significantly enhance traditional learning by offering immersive, interactive experiences that bridge theoretical knowledge and practical application, particularly in STEM and skill-based fields. Despite challenges such as high costs and infrastructure demands, AR and VR present scalable opportunities for increasing student motivation and inclusivity. This research provides actionable insights for educators, policymakers, and developers to optimize AR/VR integration, fostering innovative pedagogical practices and equitable access to advanced learning tools. However, the durability of these improvements over time remains unclear, highlighting the need for longitudinal research, cost-effective implementation, and strategies for addressing the digital divide.