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<p>This study presents a novel edible bio-nanocomposite coating developed to enhance the postharvest preservation of <i>Manilkara zapota</i> fruits through the integration of natural antioxidants and green nanotechnology. A chitosan-based matrix was functionalized with polyphenol-rich onion peel extract at 30% v/v and reinforced with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) at 0.1% w/v (optimized) -both derived through sustainable approaches. Onion peel, an agricultural by-product, was effectively valorized as a potent source of polyphenols contributing antioxidant and antimicrobial efficacy. The optimized formulation exhibited nanoscale properties favourable for coating performance. It showed a particle size of 142.4 ± 4.01&#xa0;nm, polydispersity index of 0.107 ± 0.021, surface contact angle of 84.3°, and positive zeta potential of 18.27 ± 0.15 mV, indicating excellent colloidal stability and surface activity. The coating displayed strong antimicrobial properties against <i>Escherichia coli</i> and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> and inhibited biofilm formation by 86% percent and 95% respectively. When applied to sapota fruits stored at 20 ± 2&#xa0;°C, 35–40% relative humidity for ten days, the coating significantly preserved physicochemical quality. Treated fruits retained titratable acidity at 0.38 ± 0.01% and levels of ascorbic acid (17.8 ± 0.1&#xa0;mg/100&#xa0;g), total antioxidant capacity (76.4 ± 0.95% DPPH inhibition), total phenolics (58.6 ± 1.64&#xa0;mg GAE/100&#xa0;g), and flavonoid content (156 ± 9&#xa0;µg QE/100&#xa0;mg) were significantly elevated compared to uncoated controls. Physiological weight loss was reduced to 13.43 ± 0.98% and fruit firmness was maintained at 6.02 ± 0.12&#xa0;N. Microbial loads were lowered by 2.53 and 1.13 log units for bacteria and fungi, respectively. This work establishes a multifunctional and eco-efficient platform for active fruit preservation using natural waste-derived compounds and biocompatible nanomaterials.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Dual-Functionalized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles-Polyphenol-Chitosan Coatings for Synergistic Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Preservation of Sapota

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月9日

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  • Sukhmani Gandhi,
  • Moushumi Ghosh

摘要

This study presents a novel edible bio-nanocomposite coating developed to enhance the postharvest preservation of Manilkara zapota fruits through the integration of natural antioxidants and green nanotechnology. A chitosan-based matrix was functionalized with polyphenol-rich onion peel extract at 30% v/v and reinforced with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) at 0.1% w/v (optimized) -both derived through sustainable approaches. Onion peel, an agricultural by-product, was effectively valorized as a potent source of polyphenols contributing antioxidant and antimicrobial efficacy. The optimized formulation exhibited nanoscale properties favourable for coating performance. It showed a particle size of 142.4 ± 4.01 nm, polydispersity index of 0.107 ± 0.021, surface contact angle of 84.3°, and positive zeta potential of 18.27 ± 0.15 mV, indicating excellent colloidal stability and surface activity. The coating displayed strong antimicrobial properties against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and inhibited biofilm formation by 86% percent and 95% respectively. When applied to sapota fruits stored at 20 ± 2 °C, 35–40% relative humidity for ten days, the coating significantly preserved physicochemical quality. Treated fruits retained titratable acidity at 0.38 ± 0.01% and levels of ascorbic acid (17.8 ± 0.1 mg/100 g), total antioxidant capacity (76.4 ± 0.95% DPPH inhibition), total phenolics (58.6 ± 1.64 mg GAE/100 g), and flavonoid content (156 ± 9 µg QE/100 mg) were significantly elevated compared to uncoated controls. Physiological weight loss was reduced to 13.43 ± 0.98% and fruit firmness was maintained at 6.02 ± 0.12 N. Microbial loads were lowered by 2.53 and 1.13 log units for bacteria and fungi, respectively. This work establishes a multifunctional and eco-efficient platform for active fruit preservation using natural waste-derived compounds and biocompatible nanomaterials.

Graphical Abstract