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<p>High sensitivity, reproducibility, and scalability of plasmonic biosensors demand stringent control over nanostructure geometry and device integration. In this work, finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations informed computational design of 3D plasmonic nanostructures and showed that geometry plays a dominant role in determining localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) behavior. Optimized silver bowtie arrays with gaps of 5&#xa0;nm possessed resonance peaks at 532&#xa0;nm and the highest field enhancement factor of 1.2 × 10⁴, surpassing gold counterparts due to fewer ohmic losses. Bowtie antennas of sub-100&#xa0;nm resolution and high reproducibility (RSD ~ 3%) were created via two-photon polymerization, as verified by SEM imaging. Thiol chemistry-mediated surface functionalization enabled efficient biomolecule immobilization, as attested by FTIR and contact angle reduction from 78° to 42°. Optical characterization resulted in exceptional agreement with simulations, with Ag bowtie arrays having the highest refractive index sensitivity (310&#xa0;nm/RIU) and SERS enhancement factors up to 1.1 × 10⁷, enabling detection of Rhodamine 6G at concentrations as low as 10⁻¹² M. Integration into microfluidic platforms also made possible low-volume, real-time biosensing. Collectively, this work offers a scalable and sustainable pathway to the fabrication of 3D plasmonic nanostructures with improved sensitivity and provides opportunities for advanced environmental and biomedical sensing technologies.</p>

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3D Printed Plasmonic Nanostructures for Real-Time Nano-Optical Biosensing Applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月15日

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  • Shouki A. Ebad,
  • Amal Alshardan,
  • Mohammed Abaker,
  • M. Senthilkumar,
  • Amal M. Nouri,
  • N. Krishnaraj,
  • A. Rajaram

摘要

High sensitivity, reproducibility, and scalability of plasmonic biosensors demand stringent control over nanostructure geometry and device integration. In this work, finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations informed computational design of 3D plasmonic nanostructures and showed that geometry plays a dominant role in determining localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) behavior. Optimized silver bowtie arrays with gaps of 5 nm possessed resonance peaks at 532 nm and the highest field enhancement factor of 1.2 × 10⁴, surpassing gold counterparts due to fewer ohmic losses. Bowtie antennas of sub-100 nm resolution and high reproducibility (RSD ~ 3%) were created via two-photon polymerization, as verified by SEM imaging. Thiol chemistry-mediated surface functionalization enabled efficient biomolecule immobilization, as attested by FTIR and contact angle reduction from 78° to 42°. Optical characterization resulted in exceptional agreement with simulations, with Ag bowtie arrays having the highest refractive index sensitivity (310 nm/RIU) and SERS enhancement factors up to 1.1 × 10⁷, enabling detection of Rhodamine 6G at concentrations as low as 10⁻¹² M. Integration into microfluidic platforms also made possible low-volume, real-time biosensing. Collectively, this work offers a scalable and sustainable pathway to the fabrication of 3D plasmonic nanostructures with improved sensitivity and provides opportunities for advanced environmental and biomedical sensing technologies.