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<p>Malaria and typhoid fever are serious health issues having similar symptomology, making diagnosis challenging in the endemic areas. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of 30&#xa0;kDa filtrates of blood serum samples has shown great potential to enhance the detection of disease-specific biomarkers with greater sensitivity and specificity in blood serum. The blood serum samples of malaria and typhoid-infected patients have been investigated by SERS using silver nanoparticles as substrate. The presence of higher molecular weight fraction (HMWF) proteins in blood serum poses a challenge for detection as they suppress SERS peaks of lower molecular weight fraction (LMWF) proteins which serve as disease biomarkers. SERS spectra of different types of malaria which are caused by the infection of <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> and <i>Plasmodium vivax</i> and co-infected by both are compared with the SERS spectral groups of different stages of typhoid including early stage and late stage. The results show notable differences in SERS spectral features particularly in proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates and highlight the disease-specific markers. Principal component analysis is used to diagnose and distinguish between filtrate portions of malaria and typhoid blood serum samples. PCA was useful for the qualitative differentiation of both diseases in the form of separate clusters of spectral data sets. SERS in combination with 30&#xa0;kDa filtration devices can improve the differentiation of malaria and typhoid infection based on specific molecular fingerprint biomarkers by blood serum. This study can demonstrate the potential for developing a powerful, rapid, non-destructive, non-invasive diagnostic tool for resource-limited areas where these diseases are endemic.</p>

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SERS-Based Comparative Analysis of Low Molecular Weight Serum Filtrates from Malaria and Typhoid Patients at Different Stages

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月15日

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  • Noor Ul Sabah,
  • Shama Sehar,
  • Haq Nawaz,
  • Muhammad Irfan Majeed,
  • Muhammad Zeeshan Majeed,
  • Najah Alwadie,
  • Allah Ditta,
  • Suleman Hassan,
  • Muhammad Madni Atta,
  • Amina Parveen,
  • Hirra Sattar,
  • Sumaia Bibi,
  • Aqsa Shahzadi,
  • Maira Afzal,
  • Aqsa Luqman,
  • Muhammad Imran

摘要

Malaria and typhoid fever are serious health issues having similar symptomology, making diagnosis challenging in the endemic areas. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of 30 kDa filtrates of blood serum samples has shown great potential to enhance the detection of disease-specific biomarkers with greater sensitivity and specificity in blood serum. The blood serum samples of malaria and typhoid-infected patients have been investigated by SERS using silver nanoparticles as substrate. The presence of higher molecular weight fraction (HMWF) proteins in blood serum poses a challenge for detection as they suppress SERS peaks of lower molecular weight fraction (LMWF) proteins which serve as disease biomarkers. SERS spectra of different types of malaria which are caused by the infection of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax and co-infected by both are compared with the SERS spectral groups of different stages of typhoid including early stage and late stage. The results show notable differences in SERS spectral features particularly in proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates and highlight the disease-specific markers. Principal component analysis is used to diagnose and distinguish between filtrate portions of malaria and typhoid blood serum samples. PCA was useful for the qualitative differentiation of both diseases in the form of separate clusters of spectral data sets. SERS in combination with 30 kDa filtration devices can improve the differentiation of malaria and typhoid infection based on specific molecular fingerprint biomarkers by blood serum. This study can demonstrate the potential for developing a powerful, rapid, non-destructive, non-invasive diagnostic tool for resource-limited areas where these diseases are endemic.