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<p>In this study, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) was used to analyze blood serum samples from patients having abnormal thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels, including hypothyroidism (hypo) and hyperthyroidism (hyper) disease patients, along with healthy individuals. The blood serum contains both low (LMWF) and high molecular weight fractions (HMWF), with HMWF potentially suppressing key disease biomarkers in LMWF. To resolve this problem, Amicon 100&#xa0;kDa ultrafiltration centrifugation devices were used to separate whole blood serum into two portions: a filtrate containing LMWF and a residue representing HMWF. The filtrate portions from both patients having abnormal TSH levels and healthy ones were analyzed by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). The silver nanoparticles, synthesized by the chemical reduction method, were used as a SERS substrate. The characteristic SERS peaks observed at 633, 677, 701, 763, 988, and 1075&#xa0;cm⁻<sup>1</sup> are associated with LMWF and can be identified as potential SERS biomarkers for TSH-related disease. For advanced analysis, chemometric approaches, including principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares regression (PLSR), were employed to achieve both qualitative and quantitative differentiation among the distinct SERS spectral groups. The PCA analysis was found very helpful for the differentiation of the SERS spectral groups of healthy individuals and patients having abnormal TSH levels. The PLSR approach enabled the accurate quantification of TSH levels in unknown serum samples, with an RMSEC of 4.24, an RMSEP of 7.07, and an <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> value of 0.94.</p>

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SERS-Assisted Characterization of Low-Molecular-Weight Fractions of Blood Serum Samples of Patients Suffering from Abnormal Levels of Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月15日

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  • Muhammad Kashif,
  • Nosheen Rashid,
  • Muhammad Irfan Majeed,
  • Haq Nawaz,
  • Najah Alwadie,
  • Muhammad Hafeez Ullah,
  • Sadia Arshad,
  • Irhum Liaquat,
  • Fatima Khalid,
  • Aysha Maryam,
  • Muntaha Saleem,
  • Muhammad Imran

摘要

In this study, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) was used to analyze blood serum samples from patients having abnormal thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels, including hypothyroidism (hypo) and hyperthyroidism (hyper) disease patients, along with healthy individuals. The blood serum contains both low (LMWF) and high molecular weight fractions (HMWF), with HMWF potentially suppressing key disease biomarkers in LMWF. To resolve this problem, Amicon 100 kDa ultrafiltration centrifugation devices were used to separate whole blood serum into two portions: a filtrate containing LMWF and a residue representing HMWF. The filtrate portions from both patients having abnormal TSH levels and healthy ones were analyzed by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). The silver nanoparticles, synthesized by the chemical reduction method, were used as a SERS substrate. The characteristic SERS peaks observed at 633, 677, 701, 763, 988, and 1075 cm⁻1 are associated with LMWF and can be identified as potential SERS biomarkers for TSH-related disease. For advanced analysis, chemometric approaches, including principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares regression (PLSR), were employed to achieve both qualitative and quantitative differentiation among the distinct SERS spectral groups. The PCA analysis was found very helpful for the differentiation of the SERS spectral groups of healthy individuals and patients having abnormal TSH levels. The PLSR approach enabled the accurate quantification of TSH levels in unknown serum samples, with an RMSEC of 4.24, an RMSEP of 7.07, and an R2 value of 0.94.