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<p>This work presents the synthesis and characterization of photoluminescent humidity sensors built on PS integrated with Fe₃O₄ NPs, which have an average diameter of 59 nm. The PS was produced by electrochemical etching, and the Fe₃O₄ NPs were synthesized via a co-precipitation method and deposited onto the PS. The structure and morphology were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Crystallinity and uniformity of the Fe₃O₄ NPs were confirmed through XRD and TEM, respectively, while AFM revealed changes in surface roughness and pore structure after nanoparticle integration. FTIR identified surface functional groups (Si–H, Si–O₂, Si–OH) responsible for water adsorption and humidity sensitivity. The reflectance spectrum indicated high reflectance in PSS due to its porous nature. Photoluminescence (PL) measurements showed a broad PL peak around 738 nm, linked to the quantum confinement effect of both PS and PS/Fe₃O₄ samples. However, the PL intensity in the PS/Fe₃O₄ composite was notably quenched because of non-radiative recombination and absorption by Fe₃O₄ NPs. Under different relative humidity (RH) levels, PL quenching caused by water adsorption and capillary condensation was observed in both materials, with PS demonstrating greater sensitivity than the PS/Fe₃O₄ composite. The optical bandgap was calculated as 1.68 eV, and the refractive index was determined to be 2.86 using the Herve–Vandamme model. These results demonstrate that PS/Fe₃O₄ nanocomposites are promising, stable, room-temperature, optically readout humidity sensors.</p>

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Synthesis of Fe3O4 NPs on Porous Silicon for Photoluminescence-Based Humidity Sensor

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月4日

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  • Huda N. Abid,
  • Uday M. Nayef,
  • Falah A-H. Mutlak,
  • Abeer M. Muslim,
  • Mohammed W. Muayad

摘要

This work presents the synthesis and characterization of photoluminescent humidity sensors built on PS integrated with Fe₃O₄ NPs, which have an average diameter of 59 nm. The PS was produced by electrochemical etching, and the Fe₃O₄ NPs were synthesized via a co-precipitation method and deposited onto the PS. The structure and morphology were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Crystallinity and uniformity of the Fe₃O₄ NPs were confirmed through XRD and TEM, respectively, while AFM revealed changes in surface roughness and pore structure after nanoparticle integration. FTIR identified surface functional groups (Si–H, Si–O₂, Si–OH) responsible for water adsorption and humidity sensitivity. The reflectance spectrum indicated high reflectance in PSS due to its porous nature. Photoluminescence (PL) measurements showed a broad PL peak around 738 nm, linked to the quantum confinement effect of both PS and PS/Fe₃O₄ samples. However, the PL intensity in the PS/Fe₃O₄ composite was notably quenched because of non-radiative recombination and absorption by Fe₃O₄ NPs. Under different relative humidity (RH) levels, PL quenching caused by water adsorption and capillary condensation was observed in both materials, with PS demonstrating greater sensitivity than the PS/Fe₃O₄ composite. The optical bandgap was calculated as 1.68 eV, and the refractive index was determined to be 2.86 using the Herve–Vandamme model. These results demonstrate that PS/Fe₃O₄ nanocomposites are promising, stable, room-temperature, optically readout humidity sensors.