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<p>Malaria is still a major global health concern, especially in areas where drug-resistant <i>Plasmodium</i> species are prevalent and where the disease is spreading as a result of climate change. As a result, highly sensitive detection tools are required. This work presents a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor that has been tuned for the detection of malaria through simulations using the transfer matrix method (TMM) and finite element method (FEM). In addition to silicon (Si) and black phosphorus (BP) for better optical and plasmonic performance, a TiO<sub>2</sub> layer is added between the BK<InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11468_2025_2921_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="10" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="8" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(_7\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mmultiscripts> <mrow /> <mn>7</mn> <mrow /> </mmultiscripts> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> prism and plasmonic silver (Ag) layer to increase sensitivity. In order to fabricate the biosensor, BK<InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11468_2025_2921_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="10" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="8" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(_7\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mmultiscripts> <mrow /> <mn>7</mn> <mrow /> </mmultiscripts> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>/TiO<sub>2</sub>/Ag/Si/BP layers are sequentially deposited. The experimental setup employs angular sensitivity analysis with a He-Ne laser for precise measurements, and COMSOL Multiphysics simulations are used to optimize this procedure. Among the outstanding performance metrics achieved were a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 2.64&#xa0;deg., a sensitivity of 494.57&#xa0;deg./RIU, a figure of merit (FOM) of 2018.23&#xa0;RIU<sup>-1</sup>, and a quality factor(QF) of 200.78&#xa0;RIU<sup>-1</sup>. Additional optimization involved modifying prism types, dielectric materials, layer thicknesses, and BP configurations in order to increase sensitivity. The biosensor’s strong linear regression, which displayed an R<InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11468_2025_2921_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="10" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="8" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(^2\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mmultiscripts> <mrow /> <mrow /> <mn>2</mn> </mmultiscripts> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> of 0.96146, validated its robustness for real-time diagnostics. This advanced sensor provides a scalable platform for early malaria diagnosis and broader biomedical applications.</p>

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Pioneering Malaria Diagnostics with a Multi-layered BK\(_7\)/TiO\(_2\)/Ag/Si/BP SPR Biosensor: Enhanced Sensitivity and Precision

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年4月1日

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  • Kowshik Kumar Roy,
  • Tanu Prava Mondal,
  • Simanta Das,
  • Russel Reza Mahmud,
  • M. Shariful Islam,
  • Bobby Barua

摘要

Malaria is still a major global health concern, especially in areas where drug-resistant Plasmodium species are prevalent and where the disease is spreading as a result of climate change. As a result, highly sensitive detection tools are required. This work presents a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor that has been tuned for the detection of malaria through simulations using the transfer matrix method (TMM) and finite element method (FEM). In addition to silicon (Si) and black phosphorus (BP) for better optical and plasmonic performance, a TiO2 layer is added between the BK \(_7\) 7 prism and plasmonic silver (Ag) layer to increase sensitivity. In order to fabricate the biosensor, BK \(_7\) 7 /TiO2/Ag/Si/BP layers are sequentially deposited. The experimental setup employs angular sensitivity analysis with a He-Ne laser for precise measurements, and COMSOL Multiphysics simulations are used to optimize this procedure. Among the outstanding performance metrics achieved were a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 2.64 deg., a sensitivity of 494.57 deg./RIU, a figure of merit (FOM) of 2018.23 RIU-1, and a quality factor(QF) of 200.78 RIU-1. Additional optimization involved modifying prism types, dielectric materials, layer thicknesses, and BP configurations in order to increase sensitivity. The biosensor’s strong linear regression, which displayed an R \(^2\) 2 of 0.96146, validated its robustness for real-time diagnostics. This advanced sensor provides a scalable platform for early malaria diagnosis and broader biomedical applications.