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<p>Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is an important early-stage biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma. However, detecting low concentrations of AFP remains challenging using conventional techniques. This work reports a highly sensitive plasmonic biosensor platform leveraging emerging two-dimensional (2D) materials to improve surface plasmon resonance (SPR) detection limits. The biosensor consists of black phosphorus (BP) and silicon heterostructures on Al-Ni metal layers, supporting the propagation of surface plasmon polariton waves. Using an optimized Kretschmann configuration and thickness tuning of the BP-Si-metal stack, a high bulk refractive index sensitivity of 480 deg/RIU and FOM of 96 is achieved. The three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) numerical approach was used to validate the results. Testing with AFP concentrations, in sensing medium, from 25 to 100 ng/ml shows the sensor can reliably detect ultra-low concentrations, highlighting the potential for early diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Additionally, the 2D BP-enabled sensor provides &gt; 86.7% better sensitivity than graphene-based SPR platforms.</p>

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High-Sensitivity Plasmonic Biosensor Utilizing Black Phosphorus-Silicon Heterostructures for Early Detection of Alpha-Fetoprotein Biomarker

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年3月4日

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  • Hamid Bahador,
  • Negar Aliakbari

摘要

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is an important early-stage biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma. However, detecting low concentrations of AFP remains challenging using conventional techniques. This work reports a highly sensitive plasmonic biosensor platform leveraging emerging two-dimensional (2D) materials to improve surface plasmon resonance (SPR) detection limits. The biosensor consists of black phosphorus (BP) and silicon heterostructures on Al-Ni metal layers, supporting the propagation of surface plasmon polariton waves. Using an optimized Kretschmann configuration and thickness tuning of the BP-Si-metal stack, a high bulk refractive index sensitivity of 480 deg/RIU and FOM of 96 is achieved. The three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) numerical approach was used to validate the results. Testing with AFP concentrations, in sensing medium, from 25 to 100 ng/ml shows the sensor can reliably detect ultra-low concentrations, highlighting the potential for early diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Additionally, the 2D BP-enabled sensor provides > 86.7% better sensitivity than graphene-based SPR platforms.