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<p>The periodic impacts of land reclamation and <i>Spartina alterniflora</i> invasion on habitat suitability under shifting management policies remain unquantified. Under business-as-usual (BAU) and ecological protection (EP) scenarios, we assessed how coastal reclamation and S. <i>alterniflora</i> distribution affected shorebird habitat suitability in the Yellow Sea across three periods (2000–2010, 2010–2020, and 2020–BAU). Habitat suitability declined during 2000–2010 and 2010–2020 under the BAU scenario, but increased under the EP scenario. The mean habitat suitability declined by 0.26 (0.26 ± 0.17) due to reclamation during 2000–2010, which was nearly double the decline observed during 2010–2020 (0.15 ± 0.09). Meanwhile, the area of decreased habitat suitability caused by <i>S. alterniflora</i> invasion between 2010 and 2020 was 1.2 times greater than that between 2000 and 2010. Between 2010 and 2020, habitat degradation was more severe inside protected areas (PAs) than outside (T= −3.21, df=76, <i>p</i>&lt;0.01). The increase in invaded habitat loss inside PAs from 2000–2010 to 2010–2020 was twice that outside. Meanwhile, the proportion of habitat loss from reclamation inside PAs declined in 2010–2020 compared to 2000–2010. These results suggest that <i>S. alterniflora</i> invasion mitigates the PAs’ positive effect.</p>

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Periodic effects of land reclamation and invasive species on the habitat suitability for shorebirds along the coastal wetlands in the Yellow Sea

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月28日

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  • Houlang Duan

摘要

The periodic impacts of land reclamation and Spartina alterniflora invasion on habitat suitability under shifting management policies remain unquantified. Under business-as-usual (BAU) and ecological protection (EP) scenarios, we assessed how coastal reclamation and S. alterniflora distribution affected shorebird habitat suitability in the Yellow Sea across three periods (2000–2010, 2010–2020, and 2020–BAU). Habitat suitability declined during 2000–2010 and 2010–2020 under the BAU scenario, but increased under the EP scenario. The mean habitat suitability declined by 0.26 (0.26 ± 0.17) due to reclamation during 2000–2010, which was nearly double the decline observed during 2010–2020 (0.15 ± 0.09). Meanwhile, the area of decreased habitat suitability caused by S. alterniflora invasion between 2010 and 2020 was 1.2 times greater than that between 2000 and 2010. Between 2010 and 2020, habitat degradation was more severe inside protected areas (PAs) than outside (T= −3.21, df=76, p<0.01). The increase in invaded habitat loss inside PAs from 2000–2010 to 2010–2020 was twice that outside. Meanwhile, the proportion of habitat loss from reclamation inside PAs declined in 2010–2020 compared to 2000–2010. These results suggest that S. alterniflora invasion mitigates the PAs’ positive effect.