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<p>To promote the harmonious coexistence of cities and lakes and to achieve Sustainable Development Goals in the Taihu Lake Basin, we developed an analytical framework for city–lake symbiosis (CLS) on the basis of symbiosis theory. Using the Lotka–Volterra (L–V) model and a coordination degree model, we assessed the state and evolution of the CLS relationship. The findings reveal that urban development levels increased steadily from 27.36 in 1980 to 78.90 in 2020, whereas the ecological conditions of Taihu Lake initially decreased, followed by slow and fluctuating recovery. Overall, cities and Taihu Lake exhibited a “mutualism” relationship, with α and β values of −1.89 and −1.77, respectively, and a general upward trend in the degree of coordination over the study period. However, during the periods 1980–1998 and 2012–2016, the relationship displayed a pattern of “mutual damage”. The adverse effects of urban development accumulated gradually, in contrast to the rapid and abrupt deterioration observed in the lake. Ecological recovery in Taihu Lake progressed slowly and unevenly, stabilizing only after 2016 into a phase of sustained improvement. We recommend enhanced and coordinated efforts in ecological restoration and environmental governance to support this positive trajectory.</p>

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A quantitative assessment of the state and evolution of city–lake relationships using a symbiosis model in the Taihu Lake Basin

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月29日

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  • Pingxing Li,
  • Hui Cao,
  • Hongguang Liu,
  • Jiang He

摘要

To promote the harmonious coexistence of cities and lakes and to achieve Sustainable Development Goals in the Taihu Lake Basin, we developed an analytical framework for city–lake symbiosis (CLS) on the basis of symbiosis theory. Using the Lotka–Volterra (L–V) model and a coordination degree model, we assessed the state and evolution of the CLS relationship. The findings reveal that urban development levels increased steadily from 27.36 in 1980 to 78.90 in 2020, whereas the ecological conditions of Taihu Lake initially decreased, followed by slow and fluctuating recovery. Overall, cities and Taihu Lake exhibited a “mutualism” relationship, with α and β values of −1.89 and −1.77, respectively, and a general upward trend in the degree of coordination over the study period. However, during the periods 1980–1998 and 2012–2016, the relationship displayed a pattern of “mutual damage”. The adverse effects of urban development accumulated gradually, in contrast to the rapid and abrupt deterioration observed in the lake. Ecological recovery in Taihu Lake progressed slowly and unevenly, stabilizing only after 2016 into a phase of sustained improvement. We recommend enhanced and coordinated efforts in ecological restoration and environmental governance to support this positive trajectory.