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<p>The reactivation of ancient landslides along highways involves complex mechanisms, particularly in slopes with multiple sliding zones under the combined influence of dry density-dependent water-sensitive soil behavior and hydraulic disturbances. To address this issue, the study develops an integrated limit-equilibrium-based analytical workflow informed by ring shear tests conducted over saturation levels from 25 to 100% and two dry densities of 1.20 and 1.35&#xa0;g/cm<sup>3</sup>, and applies it to the Baishi ancient landslide in Guangxi, China, which comprises dual sliding zones. Test results show that residual cohesion nearly doubles with increasing saturation at higher dry density, whereas it exhibits a non-monotonic trend with an initial increase followed by a decrease at lower dry density. The residual friction angle decreases with increasing saturation and is more sensitive under low-density conditions. Subsequently, the limit equilibrium analyses, incorporating these data-based relations, field conditions, and hydraulic scenarios, indicate that slope responses are strongly state dependent, with significant reductions in the factor of safety and migration of critical sliding surfaces toward weak zones under low dry density. Groundwater rise causes a threshold-type response and promotes the transition of sliding surfaces from shallow to deeper zones, whereas rainfall mainly affects shallow regions and can trigger localized toe instability. This work not only improves the limited quantitative characterization of the coupled effects of saturation and dry density on residual strength, but also clarifies the roles of shallow and deep weak zones in controlling noncircular failure processes in dual-sliding zone systems, providing a practical basis for hazard zoning and early warning.</p>

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Hydro-mechanical reactivation of a dual-sliding-zone ancient landslide controlled by dry-density-dependent water sensitivity

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月11日

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  • Xilin Lü,
  • Maofeng He,
  • Qifeng Zhong,
  • Yuchen Wang,
  • Yu Shao,
  • Chuan Chen,
  • Xianlin Liu,
  • Dawei Xue

摘要

The reactivation of ancient landslides along highways involves complex mechanisms, particularly in slopes with multiple sliding zones under the combined influence of dry density-dependent water-sensitive soil behavior and hydraulic disturbances. To address this issue, the study develops an integrated limit-equilibrium-based analytical workflow informed by ring shear tests conducted over saturation levels from 25 to 100% and two dry densities of 1.20 and 1.35 g/cm3, and applies it to the Baishi ancient landslide in Guangxi, China, which comprises dual sliding zones. Test results show that residual cohesion nearly doubles with increasing saturation at higher dry density, whereas it exhibits a non-monotonic trend with an initial increase followed by a decrease at lower dry density. The residual friction angle decreases with increasing saturation and is more sensitive under low-density conditions. Subsequently, the limit equilibrium analyses, incorporating these data-based relations, field conditions, and hydraulic scenarios, indicate that slope responses are strongly state dependent, with significant reductions in the factor of safety and migration of critical sliding surfaces toward weak zones under low dry density. Groundwater rise causes a threshold-type response and promotes the transition of sliding surfaces from shallow to deeper zones, whereas rainfall mainly affects shallow regions and can trigger localized toe instability. This work not only improves the limited quantitative characterization of the coupled effects of saturation and dry density on residual strength, but also clarifies the roles of shallow and deep weak zones in controlling noncircular failure processes in dual-sliding zone systems, providing a practical basis for hazard zoning and early warning.