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<p>Bio-enzymes show promise as a sustainable alternative for improving the water resistance of low-cement-content stabilized soils. In this study, systematically investigated the influence of bio-enzymes on the water resistance, microstructure, and biochemical reaction of cement-stabilized soil through unconfined compressive strength (UCS), low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, isothermal adsorption, flowability, zeta potential, cation exchange capacity (CEC), surface tension, and atomic force microscopy (AFM) analyses were conducted to elucidate the mechanisms by which bio-enzymes improve the water resistance of samples. The UCS, NMR, TGA, FTIR, and SEM results demonstrate that an appropriate bio-enzymes content (0.15%) enhances the long-term (28 days) strength and water resistance of samples, promotes the even distribution of hydration products, and improves the microstructural densification of the samples. Isothermal adsorption tests reveal that the bio-enzymes adsorb onto cement/soil particles via monolayer adsorption, with the adsorption capacity governed by the availability/number of adsorption sites and accompanied by intraparticle diffusion behavior. Results of the physicochemical properties (flowability, zeta potential, CEC, and surface tension) and AFM measurements reveal that the bio-enzymes improve particle dispersion and uniformity by increasing the zeta potential, exerting surfactant effects and inducing steric hindrance, which promotes the even distribution of hydration products. Additionally, during the curing age, the bio-enzymes facilitate cation exchange, promoting the aggregation of soil particles, while also forming a stable physical barrier that enhances water resistance. It should be noted that the limited availability of adsorption sites prevents excess enzymes from contributing effectively. These findings provide insights into the mechanism by which bio-enzymes improve soil stabilization when combined with inorganic cementing materials.</p>

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Insights into the water resistance mechanism in bio-enzymes treated low-cement-content stabilized soft soil

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月18日

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  • Yuhao Li,
  • Xiangwei Fang,
  • Chunni Shen,
  • Wenchen Jiang,
  • Sheng Huang,
  • Xuanming Ding

摘要

Bio-enzymes show promise as a sustainable alternative for improving the water resistance of low-cement-content stabilized soils. In this study, systematically investigated the influence of bio-enzymes on the water resistance, microstructure, and biochemical reaction of cement-stabilized soil through unconfined compressive strength (UCS), low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, isothermal adsorption, flowability, zeta potential, cation exchange capacity (CEC), surface tension, and atomic force microscopy (AFM) analyses were conducted to elucidate the mechanisms by which bio-enzymes improve the water resistance of samples. The UCS, NMR, TGA, FTIR, and SEM results demonstrate that an appropriate bio-enzymes content (0.15%) enhances the long-term (28 days) strength and water resistance of samples, promotes the even distribution of hydration products, and improves the microstructural densification of the samples. Isothermal adsorption tests reveal that the bio-enzymes adsorb onto cement/soil particles via monolayer adsorption, with the adsorption capacity governed by the availability/number of adsorption sites and accompanied by intraparticle diffusion behavior. Results of the physicochemical properties (flowability, zeta potential, CEC, and surface tension) and AFM measurements reveal that the bio-enzymes improve particle dispersion and uniformity by increasing the zeta potential, exerting surfactant effects and inducing steric hindrance, which promotes the even distribution of hydration products. Additionally, during the curing age, the bio-enzymes facilitate cation exchange, promoting the aggregation of soil particles, while also forming a stable physical barrier that enhances water resistance. It should be noted that the limited availability of adsorption sites prevents excess enzymes from contributing effectively. These findings provide insights into the mechanism by which bio-enzymes improve soil stabilization when combined with inorganic cementing materials.