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<p>The impact of debris flow on flexible barriers is a complex, multiphysics process involving the interaction of a continuous slurry, discrete particles, and a structure exhibiting nonlinear responses. Existing numerical frameworks often struggle to achieve both high-precision modeling of individual phases and effective coupling between them. This study proposes a novel multiphysics computational framework that integrates Incompressible Computational Fluid Dynamics (ICFD), the Discrete Element Method (DEM), and the Finite Element Method (FEM) to simulate the interactions between the liquid slurry, solid particles, and the flexible barrier system in a unified manner. The framework comprehensively accounts for fluid-structure interaction (FSI), particle-structure interaction (PSI), and fluid-particle interaction (FPI). A key contribution is the introduction of DE_coupling spheres attached to the FEM-beam elements. These spheres act as a force-transfer medium between the liquid phase and the structure. This innovation overcomes a long-standing limitation: incorporating direct FSI in high-fidelity FEM-beam models while accurately preserving the physical process of slurry penetration through the net. The framework was first validated through flexible net flume experiments and full-scale debris flow impact tests. The simulated peak axial force in the supporting cable differed from the experimental measurement by only 3.33%, demonstrating the method’s reliability for quantitative engineering analysis. Following validation, a systematic parametric study was conducted to investigate the influence of FSI for various debris flow compositions. The results indicate that neglecting FSI can lead to an underestimation of peak internal forces by up to 18.2% and significantly alter the amplitude and timing of the structural dynamic response, whereas its influence on the overall deformation is relatively minor. Overall, this study presents a validated, computationally efficient, and adaptable numerical framework for the high-fidelity simulation of debris flow impacts on flexible barriers. It offers new insights into FSI mechanisms and provides a practical pathway for the optimized design of these systems.</p>

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A coupled ICFD-DEM-FEM approach for modeling of debris flow impacts on flexible barriers

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月22日

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  • Li-Ru Luo,
  • Zhi-Xiang Yu,
  • Xiao-Yu Yang,
  • Qian Guo

摘要

The impact of debris flow on flexible barriers is a complex, multiphysics process involving the interaction of a continuous slurry, discrete particles, and a structure exhibiting nonlinear responses. Existing numerical frameworks often struggle to achieve both high-precision modeling of individual phases and effective coupling between them. This study proposes a novel multiphysics computational framework that integrates Incompressible Computational Fluid Dynamics (ICFD), the Discrete Element Method (DEM), and the Finite Element Method (FEM) to simulate the interactions between the liquid slurry, solid particles, and the flexible barrier system in a unified manner. The framework comprehensively accounts for fluid-structure interaction (FSI), particle-structure interaction (PSI), and fluid-particle interaction (FPI). A key contribution is the introduction of DE_coupling spheres attached to the FEM-beam elements. These spheres act as a force-transfer medium between the liquid phase and the structure. This innovation overcomes a long-standing limitation: incorporating direct FSI in high-fidelity FEM-beam models while accurately preserving the physical process of slurry penetration through the net. The framework was first validated through flexible net flume experiments and full-scale debris flow impact tests. The simulated peak axial force in the supporting cable differed from the experimental measurement by only 3.33%, demonstrating the method’s reliability for quantitative engineering analysis. Following validation, a systematic parametric study was conducted to investigate the influence of FSI for various debris flow compositions. The results indicate that neglecting FSI can lead to an underestimation of peak internal forces by up to 18.2% and significantly alter the amplitude and timing of the structural dynamic response, whereas its influence on the overall deformation is relatively minor. Overall, this study presents a validated, computationally efficient, and adaptable numerical framework for the high-fidelity simulation of debris flow impacts on flexible barriers. It offers new insights into FSI mechanisms and provides a practical pathway for the optimized design of these systems.