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<p>The use of alkali-activated ground granulated blast furnace slag (AAS) for stabilizing dredged Hong Kong Marine Deposits (MD) offers an innovative solution to address fill material scarcity and disposal challenges. Due to the distinct hydration mechanisms of AAS compared to ordinary Portland cement (OPC), it is essential to investigate how the water binder ratio (<i>w</i>/<i>b</i>) influences the strength development, physicochemical behavior, and environmental and economic performance of AAS-stabilized marine deposits. In this paper, MD stabilized with AAS and OPC across varying <i>w</i>/<i>b</i> (i.e., 2–16) is investigated. The results show that at <i>w</i>/<i>b</i> of four, AAS-stabilized MD achieves 28-day strength up to 4.5 times higher than OPC-stabilized MD, demonstrating superior stabilization efficiency. Early strength development (i.e., 7&#xa0;days) is hindered by high <i>w</i>/<i>b</i> because high water content dilutes and limits GGBS hydration. Alkali concentration is introduced as a key parameter for predicting AAS-MD strength evolution. Phase assemblage analysis reveals that the strength gains in AAS-stabilized MD are primarily attributed to the formation of a dense network of clay mineral particles (e.g., kaolinite and montmorillonite) interwoven with hydration products such as Friedel’s salt, ettringite, and C–(A)–S–H. Cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment (LCA) and economic analysis reveal that substituting OPC with AAS reduces carbon footprint by up to 93% and achieves 77% cost savings. Per unit strength, AAS exhibits superior environmental and economic benefits. This study provides practical insights into the selection of binders, highlighting the importance of matching binder strength ranges to project requirements.</p>

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Experimental investigation of alkali-activated GGBS stabilization of dredged marine deposits: mechanical performance and decarbonization

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月15日

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  • Sijun Zeng,
  • Ning Ma,
  • Clarence Edward Choi

摘要

The use of alkali-activated ground granulated blast furnace slag (AAS) for stabilizing dredged Hong Kong Marine Deposits (MD) offers an innovative solution to address fill material scarcity and disposal challenges. Due to the distinct hydration mechanisms of AAS compared to ordinary Portland cement (OPC), it is essential to investigate how the water binder ratio (w/b) influences the strength development, physicochemical behavior, and environmental and economic performance of AAS-stabilized marine deposits. In this paper, MD stabilized with AAS and OPC across varying w/b (i.e., 2–16) is investigated. The results show that at w/b of four, AAS-stabilized MD achieves 28-day strength up to 4.5 times higher than OPC-stabilized MD, demonstrating superior stabilization efficiency. Early strength development (i.e., 7 days) is hindered by high w/b because high water content dilutes and limits GGBS hydration. Alkali concentration is introduced as a key parameter for predicting AAS-MD strength evolution. Phase assemblage analysis reveals that the strength gains in AAS-stabilized MD are primarily attributed to the formation of a dense network of clay mineral particles (e.g., kaolinite and montmorillonite) interwoven with hydration products such as Friedel’s salt, ettringite, and C–(A)–S–H. Cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment (LCA) and economic analysis reveal that substituting OPC with AAS reduces carbon footprint by up to 93% and achieves 77% cost savings. Per unit strength, AAS exhibits superior environmental and economic benefits. This study provides practical insights into the selection of binders, highlighting the importance of matching binder strength ranges to project requirements.