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<p>This paper investigates a new approach to determining the ultimate reaction of elastoplastic Winkler springs used in stress analysis models of buried steel pipes subjected to permanent lateral ground deformations. Unlike state-of-practice methods, the dimensionless expression on which this approach is based on allows for scale effects, by introducing only one additional parameter that can be determined from common geotechnical laboratory tests. To show that the dimensionless expression provides reliable estimates of stress analysis parameters for large-diameter pipes, which are not covered by existing methods, we use it to interpret the results of numerical simulations with the Discrete Element Method. The numerical methodology is first benchmarked against 1-g physical model tests and is employed parametrically to predict the reaction on a pipe that results from lateral relative soil–pipe movement, as a function of the embedment of the pipe, the density of the coarse-grained backfill, and of the pipe’s diameter. Gravity scaling is employed to efficiently simulate pipes with diameters up to 1460&#xa0;mm, and we show that this technique provides results that compare well with strict, unscaled simulations. Finally, we demonstrate that the dimensionless expression can be used to extrapolate existing methods and experimental data to estimate Winkler spring reaction values compatible with a wide range of steel pipe diameters.</p>

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Scale effects on lateral soil-buried pipe interaction

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月19日

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  • Xin Li,
  • George Kouretzis,
  • Klaus Thoeni

摘要

This paper investigates a new approach to determining the ultimate reaction of elastoplastic Winkler springs used in stress analysis models of buried steel pipes subjected to permanent lateral ground deformations. Unlike state-of-practice methods, the dimensionless expression on which this approach is based on allows for scale effects, by introducing only one additional parameter that can be determined from common geotechnical laboratory tests. To show that the dimensionless expression provides reliable estimates of stress analysis parameters for large-diameter pipes, which are not covered by existing methods, we use it to interpret the results of numerical simulations with the Discrete Element Method. The numerical methodology is first benchmarked against 1-g physical model tests and is employed parametrically to predict the reaction on a pipe that results from lateral relative soil–pipe movement, as a function of the embedment of the pipe, the density of the coarse-grained backfill, and of the pipe’s diameter. Gravity scaling is employed to efficiently simulate pipes with diameters up to 1460 mm, and we show that this technique provides results that compare well with strict, unscaled simulations. Finally, we demonstrate that the dimensionless expression can be used to extrapolate existing methods and experimental data to estimate Winkler spring reaction values compatible with a wide range of steel pipe diameters.