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<p>Estimation of the shear strength of dry sands at low confining stress is gaining increasing attention due to the growing focus on shallow-depth constructions and, more recently, the potential for in-situ base construction on the Moon and Mars. This paper explores the relationship between the friction angle (<i>φ</i>) and cone penetration resistance (<i>q</i><sub><i>t</i></sub>) for dry sands subjected to low confining stress. A series of laboratory tests, including triaxial compression, fixed funnel and calibration chamber tests, were performed on quartz sands to examine the influence of key state variables, such as relative density and mean grain size, on both friction angles and penetration resistance. The peak friction angle, obtained using the stress path method, and the angle of repose, measured with the fixed funnel method, were selected as the representative strength parameters due to their consistency and lower stress-dependency at low confinement, compared to the peak friction angle derived from the stress-dilatancy theory and the critical state friction angle obtained using the critical state soil mechanics method. The study reveals a consistent relationship between the peak friction angle, the angle of repose and relative density from triaxial tests, as well as a linear relationship between the rate of increase in penetration resistance with depth and relative density from calibration chamber tests. Using relative density as an intermediary, a simple yet reliable <i>q</i><sub><i>t</i></sub>—<i>φ</i> relationship was established, demonstrating reasonable accuracy and insensitivity to changes in stress states. The findings show that friction angles and penetration resistance in dry sands exhibit distinct behaviours compared to saturated conditions, underscoring the need for separate consideration of dry sand characteristics in CPT-based strength estimation. Future work will extend this research to microgravity conditions to further refine the <i>q</i><sub><i>t</i></sub>—<i>φ</i> relationship across different gravity levels.</p>

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Relationship between friction angle and cone penetration resistance for dry sands under low confining stress

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月1日

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  • Dongliang Zhu,
  • Hao Wang,
  • Huafu Pei,
  • Gang Yang,
  • Qing Yang

摘要

Estimation of the shear strength of dry sands at low confining stress is gaining increasing attention due to the growing focus on shallow-depth constructions and, more recently, the potential for in-situ base construction on the Moon and Mars. This paper explores the relationship between the friction angle (φ) and cone penetration resistance (qt) for dry sands subjected to low confining stress. A series of laboratory tests, including triaxial compression, fixed funnel and calibration chamber tests, were performed on quartz sands to examine the influence of key state variables, such as relative density and mean grain size, on both friction angles and penetration resistance. The peak friction angle, obtained using the stress path method, and the angle of repose, measured with the fixed funnel method, were selected as the representative strength parameters due to their consistency and lower stress-dependency at low confinement, compared to the peak friction angle derived from the stress-dilatancy theory and the critical state friction angle obtained using the critical state soil mechanics method. The study reveals a consistent relationship between the peak friction angle, the angle of repose and relative density from triaxial tests, as well as a linear relationship between the rate of increase in penetration resistance with depth and relative density from calibration chamber tests. Using relative density as an intermediary, a simple yet reliable qt—φ relationship was established, demonstrating reasonable accuracy and insensitivity to changes in stress states. The findings show that friction angles and penetration resistance in dry sands exhibit distinct behaviours compared to saturated conditions, underscoring the need for separate consideration of dry sand characteristics in CPT-based strength estimation. Future work will extend this research to microgravity conditions to further refine the qt—φ relationship across different gravity levels.