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<p>Pair-instability supernovae (PISN) will not leave compact remnants and hence yield a mass gap of the black holes. Though a transition point at ≈ 46<i>M</i><sub>⊙</sub>, separating low- and high-spin black hole populations and interpreted as evidence for the PISN mass gap, was first identified in gravitational wave data by Wang et al. (Astrophys. J. Lett. 2022, 941: L39) and later confirmed in follow-up studies, here we report the emergence of a new group of low-spin but massive (∼ 50<i>M</i><sub>⊙</sub>–70<i>M</i><sub>⊙</sub>) black holes, which are hard to produce via hierarchical mergers, in the latest GWTC-4.0 data. Correspondingly, the mass cutoff of the low-spin black holes shifts to 68.5<Stack> <sub>−18.5</sub> <sup>+19.8</sup> </Stack><i>M</i><sub>⊙</sub> (90% credibility), which is consistent with the PISN model for a <sup>12</sup>C(<i>α, γ</i>)<sup>16</sup>O reaction rate of <i>S</i><sub>300</sub> = 109<Stack> <sub>−27</sub> <sup>+55</sup> </Stack> keV b. Although the massive single-star collapse/dynamical capture origin can not be reliably tested at this moment, a high pair-instability mass cutoff <i>M</i><sub>low</sub> ∼ 70<i>M</i><sub>⊙</sub> may be favored for its capability of accounting for the rather low observation rate of hydrogen-less super-luminous supernovae.</p>

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A new group of low-spin 50M⊙–70M⊙ black holes and the high pair-instability mass cutoff

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月21日

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  • Yuan-Zhu Wang,
  • Yin-Jie Li,
  • Shi-Jie Gao,
  • Shao-Peng Tang,
  • Yi-Zhong Fan

摘要

Pair-instability supernovae (PISN) will not leave compact remnants and hence yield a mass gap of the black holes. Though a transition point at ≈ 46M⊙, separating low- and high-spin black hole populations and interpreted as evidence for the PISN mass gap, was first identified in gravitational wave data by Wang et al. (Astrophys. J. Lett. 2022, 941: L39) and later confirmed in follow-up studies, here we report the emergence of a new group of low-spin but massive (∼ 50M⊙–70M⊙) black holes, which are hard to produce via hierarchical mergers, in the latest GWTC-4.0 data. Correspondingly, the mass cutoff of the low-spin black holes shifts to 68.5 −18.5 +19.8 M⊙ (90% credibility), which is consistent with the PISN model for a 12C(α, γ)16O reaction rate of S300 = 109 −27 +55 keV b. Although the massive single-star collapse/dynamical capture origin can not be reliably tested at this moment, a high pair-instability mass cutoff Mlow ∼ 70M⊙ may be favored for its capability of accounting for the rather low observation rate of hydrogen-less super-luminous supernovae.