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<p>We present a comprehensive theoretical analysis of the general standard model (GSM), a recently proposed framework that unifies particle physics and cosmology within the gravitational quantum field theory (GQFT). Constructed from first principles based exclusively on the intrinsic properties of leptons and quarks, the GSM reveals an enlarged gauge symmetry structure, WS<sub><i>c</i></sub>(1,3)×GS(1)×Z<sub>2</sub>, which extends beyond the conventional U<sub><i>Y</i></sub>(1)×SU<sub><i>L</i></sub>(2)×SU<sub><i>C</i></sub>(3) symmetry of the standard model. Here, WS<sub><i>c</i></sub>(1,3) = SP(1,3)⋊W<sup>1,3</sup>⋊SP<sub><i>c</i></sub>(1,1) emerges as the conformal inhomogeneous spin gauge symmetry. Within GQFT, the GSM provides a consistent unification of the standard model of particle physics with cosmological models. It incorporates the four known fundamental interactions, electromagnetic, weak, strong, and gravitational, plus the Higgs scalar interaction, and also predicts novel interactions. These include spin gauge, chirality boost-spin gauge, chiral conformal-spin gauge, and scaling gauge forces, as well as additional scalar interactions. Furthermore, the GSM offers profound insights into the nature of gravity and spacetime and elucidates key mysteries of the dark side of the universe, such as the origins of dark matter, the dynamics of dark energy, and the physics of the early inflationary epoch. By establishing a new theoretical bridge between quantum field theory and general relativity, the GSM opens novel pathways for addressing long-standing challenges in fundamental physics. It provides a unified description of both fundamental interactions and cosmic evolution.</p>

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Theoretical foundations of the general standard model: A unified framework for particle physics and cosmology

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月13日

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  • Yue-Liang Wu

摘要

We present a comprehensive theoretical analysis of the general standard model (GSM), a recently proposed framework that unifies particle physics and cosmology within the gravitational quantum field theory (GQFT). Constructed from first principles based exclusively on the intrinsic properties of leptons and quarks, the GSM reveals an enlarged gauge symmetry structure, WSc(1,3)×GS(1)×Z2, which extends beyond the conventional UY(1)×SUL(2)×SUC(3) symmetry of the standard model. Here, WSc(1,3) = SP(1,3)⋊W1,3⋊SPc(1,1) emerges as the conformal inhomogeneous spin gauge symmetry. Within GQFT, the GSM provides a consistent unification of the standard model of particle physics with cosmological models. It incorporates the four known fundamental interactions, electromagnetic, weak, strong, and gravitational, plus the Higgs scalar interaction, and also predicts novel interactions. These include spin gauge, chirality boost-spin gauge, chiral conformal-spin gauge, and scaling gauge forces, as well as additional scalar interactions. Furthermore, the GSM offers profound insights into the nature of gravity and spacetime and elucidates key mysteries of the dark side of the universe, such as the origins of dark matter, the dynamics of dark energy, and the physics of the early inflationary epoch. By establishing a new theoretical bridge between quantum field theory and general relativity, the GSM opens novel pathways for addressing long-standing challenges in fundamental physics. It provides a unified description of both fundamental interactions and cosmic evolution.