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<p>Spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) provides all-day and all-weather observation capabilities. Recent technological advances have facilitated high-resolution and wide-swath imaging, thereby demonstrating significant potential for the imaging of moving aircraft over the sea background. However, the echoes from aircraft often suffer from a low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) due to the low radar cross section (RCS) and sea clutter. In addition, the high-speed and non-stationary motion of aircraft can cause significant range migration (RM) and Doppler frequency migration (DFM), severely degrading the focusing performance. To tackle these issues, this paper proposes a fine imaging method with high accuracy and computational efficiency. First, a high-speed dual-component motion model is established between the spaceborne SAR and the aircraft. Then, an adaptive blind speed side lobe-guided equilibrium optimizer-based generalized Radon-Fourier transform (ABEO-GRFT) is developed, enabling accurate and efficient estimation of translational motion parameters. Finally, an angle-matched fractional Fourier transform (AM-FRFT) is proposed to compensate for spatially variant phase errors. Both simulations and experiments based on Gaofen-3 (GF-3) spaceborne SAR measured data confirm that the proposed method achieves fine imaging of moving aircraft under low SNR, validating the application feasibility of spaceborne SAR for open-sea moving aircraft imaging.</p>

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A fine imaging method for low SNR moving aircraft in spaceborne SAR

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月27日

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  • Ziya Li,
  • Xiaolan Qiu,
  • Mingyang Shang,
  • Jinsong Chong

摘要

Spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) provides all-day and all-weather observation capabilities. Recent technological advances have facilitated high-resolution and wide-swath imaging, thereby demonstrating significant potential for the imaging of moving aircraft over the sea background. However, the echoes from aircraft often suffer from a low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) due to the low radar cross section (RCS) and sea clutter. In addition, the high-speed and non-stationary motion of aircraft can cause significant range migration (RM) and Doppler frequency migration (DFM), severely degrading the focusing performance. To tackle these issues, this paper proposes a fine imaging method with high accuracy and computational efficiency. First, a high-speed dual-component motion model is established between the spaceborne SAR and the aircraft. Then, an adaptive blind speed side lobe-guided equilibrium optimizer-based generalized Radon-Fourier transform (ABEO-GRFT) is developed, enabling accurate and efficient estimation of translational motion parameters. Finally, an angle-matched fractional Fourier transform (AM-FRFT) is proposed to compensate for spatially variant phase errors. Both simulations and experiments based on Gaofen-3 (GF-3) spaceborne SAR measured data confirm that the proposed method achieves fine imaging of moving aircraft under low SNR, validating the application feasibility of spaceborne SAR for open-sea moving aircraft imaging.