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<p>Bone tissue engineering is a promising approach for repairing bone injuries. However, redox imbalance in the bone injury microenvironment mediates inflammatory responses and inhibits bone regeneration, posing a major challenge to effective repair. This study combines the low melting point characteristics of Bi-In-Sn alloys with the catalytic activity of CeO<sub>2</sub> nanozymes and synergizes the osteogenic induction of alendronate (ALN) sodium with the immunomodulatory and angiogenic effects of protocatechuic aldehyde (PCA) to construct composite PDH/LM-Ce@(ALN+PCA) microspheres. This system establishes a coordinated bone repair cascade in which CeO<sub>2</sub> nanozyme-mediated ROS scavenging, combined with PCA-driven immunomodulation and angiogenesis, promotes ALN-induced osteogenesis. <i>In vitro</i>, PDH/LM-Ce@(ALN+PCA) micro-spheres efficiently scavenge ROS, induce macrophage polarization toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype, stimulate angiogenesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells, and facilitate the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. <i>In vivo</i>, PDH/LM-Ce@(ALN+PCA) microspheres enhance new bone formation in a rat calvarial defect model. In conclusion, PDH/LM-Ce@(ALN+PCA) microspheres reduce oxidative stress while simultaneously improving the immune microenvironment of bone injury, supporting angiogenesis, and promoting osteogenic differentiation, thereby offering a reference for the application of small-molecule drugs in bone injury repair.</p>

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Dual chemical anchoring on ceria-modified Bi-In-Sn alloy microspheres orchestrates immunomodulation and angiogenesis for bone repair

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月15日

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  • Haoyu Li,
  • Mengcheng Guo,
  • Qingxu Song,
  • Sien Lin,
  • Fuquan Bai,
  • Yapeng Li,
  • Meili Shen,
  • Haiqin Yang,
  • Qingran Guan,
  • Lixue Zhang,
  • Liqun Ren,
  • Yi Liu,
  • Zongliang Wang,
  • Zhenyu Wang

摘要

Bone tissue engineering is a promising approach for repairing bone injuries. However, redox imbalance in the bone injury microenvironment mediates inflammatory responses and inhibits bone regeneration, posing a major challenge to effective repair. This study combines the low melting point characteristics of Bi-In-Sn alloys with the catalytic activity of CeO2 nanozymes and synergizes the osteogenic induction of alendronate (ALN) sodium with the immunomodulatory and angiogenic effects of protocatechuic aldehyde (PCA) to construct composite PDH/LM-Ce@(ALN+PCA) microspheres. This system establishes a coordinated bone repair cascade in which CeO2 nanozyme-mediated ROS scavenging, combined with PCA-driven immunomodulation and angiogenesis, promotes ALN-induced osteogenesis. In vitro, PDH/LM-Ce@(ALN+PCA) micro-spheres efficiently scavenge ROS, induce macrophage polarization toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype, stimulate angiogenesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells, and facilitate the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. In vivo, PDH/LM-Ce@(ALN+PCA) microspheres enhance new bone formation in a rat calvarial defect model. In conclusion, PDH/LM-Ce@(ALN+PCA) microspheres reduce oxidative stress while simultaneously improving the immune microenvironment of bone injury, supporting angiogenesis, and promoting osteogenic differentiation, thereby offering a reference for the application of small-molecule drugs in bone injury repair.