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<p>The scalable and facile synthesis of large-area, atomically thin metal films is crucial for exploring fundamental phenomena and enabling practical applications of two-dimensional (2D) metals, yet it remains highly challenging. Here, we introduce a simple and robust strategy for fabricating large-area, self-encapsulated 2D metallic films with a thickness as low as 4.8 nm. By exploiting the intrinsic high surface tension of liquid gallium, we achieve oxide-confined dewetting during its solid-to-liquid phase transition. This mechanism yields a self-encapsulated continuous gallium layer, sandwiched between oxide skins enriched with gallium atoms at their interfaces. Leveraging gravity-assisted directional dewetting, we further achieve large-area (∼60 cm<sup>2</sup>), uniform 2D gallium films exhibiting high optical transparency (&gt;80% visible transmittance) and high electrical conductivity (10<sup>5</sup> S/m). We demonstrate the potential of large-area 2D metal films in optoelectronic and photothermal applications. Our findings establish a versatile approach for synthesizing 2D metals, advancing their fundamental studies and technological applications.</p>

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Large-area self-encapsulated two-dimensional liquid metal films driven by fluid instability during solid-liquid phase transition

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月12日

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  • Jieyu Hou,
  • Biao Ma,
  • Gangsheng Chen,
  • Yi Chen,
  • Chaoyang Huang,
  • Wanyu Wang,
  • Xiaoxuan Wang,
  • Hong Liu

摘要

The scalable and facile synthesis of large-area, atomically thin metal films is crucial for exploring fundamental phenomena and enabling practical applications of two-dimensional (2D) metals, yet it remains highly challenging. Here, we introduce a simple and robust strategy for fabricating large-area, self-encapsulated 2D metallic films with a thickness as low as 4.8 nm. By exploiting the intrinsic high surface tension of liquid gallium, we achieve oxide-confined dewetting during its solid-to-liquid phase transition. This mechanism yields a self-encapsulated continuous gallium layer, sandwiched between oxide skins enriched with gallium atoms at their interfaces. Leveraging gravity-assisted directional dewetting, we further achieve large-area (∼60 cm2), uniform 2D gallium films exhibiting high optical transparency (>80% visible transmittance) and high electrical conductivity (105 S/m). We demonstrate the potential of large-area 2D metal films in optoelectronic and photothermal applications. Our findings establish a versatile approach for synthesizing 2D metals, advancing their fundamental studies and technological applications.