<p>Water-related optical imaging constitutes a pivotal domain within the field of water-related optics and vision, furnishing essential tools for comprehending the water-related environment, harnessing water resources, and safeguarding water ecology. Its merits encompass facile target detection, elevated imaging resolution, and copious information content. Nonetheless, the formidable challenge of attaining clear images in water-related environments is challenging due to the water’s absorption and scattering properties. Substantial strides have been achieved in recent years through advancements in software and hardware optical imaging and processing techniques. This review offers a comprehensive exploration of the present state of water-related optical imaging, spanning historical, theoretical, and methodological dimensions. A retrospective analysis of the historical evolution of water-related optical imaging is presented, accompanied by a detailed exposition of the operational principles and the latest noteworthy advancements in various categories of water-related optical imaging. Furthermore, a meticulous comparative analysis of these methodologies is undertaken. These approaches not only enhance water-related optical imaging efficacy but also furnish robust support for scientific inquiry and resource exploitation in water-related environments. This review enhances the comprehension of advancements in water-related optical imaging research, acting as a crucial touchpoint for future explorations and innovations. Water-related optical imaging is critical for comprehending marine ecosystems, supporting environmental conservation, and improving industry efficiency.</p>