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<p>China’s Shan-Shui Initiative is deeply integrated into the national ecological security barrier system of the “Three Eco-zones and Four Shelterbelts”. Since 2016, 52 major projects have been implemented in batches, and the Shan-Shui Initiative was selected as one of the first 10 “World Restoration Flagships”. How effective has the Shan-Shui Initiative been in enhancing regional ecological quality? Currently, systematic quantitative results remain unavailable. Accordingly, this study focuses on the first 25 projects of the Shan-Shui Initiative implemented between 2016 and 2018. Based on long-term multi-source data from 2011 to 2024, an evaluation method using the improved Remote Sensing Ecological Index (kRSEI) was introduced. Combined with the Mann-Kendall trend test, arithmetic mean divisia index (AMDI) decomposition, and wavelet coherence analysis, we assessed the enhancement effects of these projects across the “Three Eco-zones and Four Shelterbelts”. The results indicate that: (1) The kernel normalized difference vegetation index (kNDVI) increased significantly in 14 project areas, but the kRSEI did not show a synchronized improvement, indicating that subsequent projects should prioritize transitioning restoration measures from “greening” to “quality improvement”. (2) The enhancement of kRSEI exhibited land-type differentiation, where forests, grasslands, and croplands were the dominant land types for ecological quality improvement in humid zones, arid/semi-arid zones, and zones with intensive human-land interaction, respectively. (3) AMDI decomposition quantified the contribution effects of different land types to ecological changes, revealing that cropland ecosystems play a significant driving role in ecological quality fluctuations across the “Three Eco-zones and Four Shelterbelts”. (4) Wavelet coherence analysis intuitively reveals the time-frequency associations between climate-environmental factors (temperature, precipitation, standardized precipitation-evapotranspiration index, and soil moisture) and kRSEI. Among these, soil moisture serves as the key carrier for transmitting climate-environmental influences to the evolution of ecological quality. This study provides a quantitative reference for the assessment methodologies and outcomes regarding the restoration effectiveness of Shan-Shui Initiative. Furthermore, it offers a scientific basis for climate-adaptive optimization and precise land-type configuration in the implementation of these projects.</p>

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Restoration effects of China’s Shan-Shui Initiative: Quantitative assessment based on the improved Remote Sensing Ecological Index (kRSEI)

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月24日

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  • Yanjun Shen,
  • Shengwei Zhang,
  • Yanzhao Yuan,
  • Bo Wang,
  • Tieming Liu,
  • Yajun Li,
  • Jianbing Peng

摘要

China’s Shan-Shui Initiative is deeply integrated into the national ecological security barrier system of the “Three Eco-zones and Four Shelterbelts”. Since 2016, 52 major projects have been implemented in batches, and the Shan-Shui Initiative was selected as one of the first 10 “World Restoration Flagships”. How effective has the Shan-Shui Initiative been in enhancing regional ecological quality? Currently, systematic quantitative results remain unavailable. Accordingly, this study focuses on the first 25 projects of the Shan-Shui Initiative implemented between 2016 and 2018. Based on long-term multi-source data from 2011 to 2024, an evaluation method using the improved Remote Sensing Ecological Index (kRSEI) was introduced. Combined with the Mann-Kendall trend test, arithmetic mean divisia index (AMDI) decomposition, and wavelet coherence analysis, we assessed the enhancement effects of these projects across the “Three Eco-zones and Four Shelterbelts”. The results indicate that: (1) The kernel normalized difference vegetation index (kNDVI) increased significantly in 14 project areas, but the kRSEI did not show a synchronized improvement, indicating that subsequent projects should prioritize transitioning restoration measures from “greening” to “quality improvement”. (2) The enhancement of kRSEI exhibited land-type differentiation, where forests, grasslands, and croplands were the dominant land types for ecological quality improvement in humid zones, arid/semi-arid zones, and zones with intensive human-land interaction, respectively. (3) AMDI decomposition quantified the contribution effects of different land types to ecological changes, revealing that cropland ecosystems play a significant driving role in ecological quality fluctuations across the “Three Eco-zones and Four Shelterbelts”. (4) Wavelet coherence analysis intuitively reveals the time-frequency associations between climate-environmental factors (temperature, precipitation, standardized precipitation-evapotranspiration index, and soil moisture) and kRSEI. Among these, soil moisture serves as the key carrier for transmitting climate-environmental influences to the evolution of ecological quality. This study provides a quantitative reference for the assessment methodologies and outcomes regarding the restoration effectiveness of Shan-Shui Initiative. Furthermore, it offers a scientific basis for climate-adaptive optimization and precise land-type configuration in the implementation of these projects.