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<p>Nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) is a potent and long-lived greenhouse gas, and the ocean represents its primary natural source. An accurate understanding of the emission intensity and driving mechanisms of oceanic N<sub>2</sub>O directly affects the estimation of atmospheric N<sub>2</sub>O budget and the projection of climate change. Recent studies have demonstrated that ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) dominate nitrification in marine environments and are thus recognized as an important biological source of marine N<sub>2</sub>O production. However, their specific metabolic pathways, regulatory mechanisms, and environmental response patterns remain poorly understood. This paper systematically reviews the spatial distribution characteristics of marine N<sub>2</sub>O and its major biogeochemical sources, with a particular focus on the potential metabolic pathways and key intermediates involved in AOA-derived N<sub>2</sub>O production. We further synthesize the current understanding of how environmental factors—including dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature, substrate availability, and organic carbon—regulate AOA nitrogen metabolism and N<sub>2</sub>O generation. In addition, we discuss the potential mechanisms underlying the shift in AOA metabolic strategies and variations in N<sub>2</sub>O yield under multifactorial coupling scenarios the scenario of multifactorial coupling. On this basis, we identify the major knowledge gaps in existing research, particularly regarding culture systems, mechanistic elucidation, in situ validation, and global-scale quantification. Finally, we proposed future research directions for AOA-derived N<sub>2</sub>O emissions under ongoing oceanic changes. This review aims to advance the understanding of the biogeochemical mechanisms governing marine N<sub>2</sub>O production and to provide a theoretical basis for improving the parameterization of marine nitrogen cycle and climate models.</p>

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A hidden driver of the greenhouse effect: Production mechanisms and climate implications of N2O derived from marine planktonic ammonia-oxidizing archaea

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月20日

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  • Yihui Guo,
  • Ziya Lin,
  • Xiao Ma,
  • Shuh-Ji Kao,
  • Chuanlun Zhang,
  • Wei Xie

摘要

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent and long-lived greenhouse gas, and the ocean represents its primary natural source. An accurate understanding of the emission intensity and driving mechanisms of oceanic N2O directly affects the estimation of atmospheric N2O budget and the projection of climate change. Recent studies have demonstrated that ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) dominate nitrification in marine environments and are thus recognized as an important biological source of marine N2O production. However, their specific metabolic pathways, regulatory mechanisms, and environmental response patterns remain poorly understood. This paper systematically reviews the spatial distribution characteristics of marine N2O and its major biogeochemical sources, with a particular focus on the potential metabolic pathways and key intermediates involved in AOA-derived N2O production. We further synthesize the current understanding of how environmental factors—including dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature, substrate availability, and organic carbon—regulate AOA nitrogen metabolism and N2O generation. In addition, we discuss the potential mechanisms underlying the shift in AOA metabolic strategies and variations in N2O yield under multifactorial coupling scenarios the scenario of multifactorial coupling. On this basis, we identify the major knowledge gaps in existing research, particularly regarding culture systems, mechanistic elucidation, in situ validation, and global-scale quantification. Finally, we proposed future research directions for AOA-derived N2O emissions under ongoing oceanic changes. This review aims to advance the understanding of the biogeochemical mechanisms governing marine N2O production and to provide a theoretical basis for improving the parameterization of marine nitrogen cycle and climate models.