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<p>The Permian–Triassic mass extinction (PTME) was the most severe ecological crisis of the Phanerozoic. However, the different responses of marine versus terrestrial ecosystems across various latitudes, along with their underlying mechanisms, remain poorly understood. During the Lopingian to Early Triassic, Northeast China was located at mid-latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere. Its well-developed continental strata offer an ideal opportunity to study the evolution of mid-latitude terrestrial ecosystems and the factors driving the PTME. Still, intense tectonic activity in the region has complicated stratigraphic correlation, hindering detailed research. This paper synthesizes the lithostratigraphy, biostratigraphy, chronostratigraphy, and volcanic records of the Lopingian–Lower Triassic succession in Northeast China. The ages of key stratigraphic units are constrained by zircon U-Pb dates from volcanic interbeds and the maximum depositional ages of detrital zircons. Our findings indicate that: (1) A significant decline in biodiversity and a major biotic turnover occurred during the Permian–Triassic transition, with the abundance and diversity of multiple fossil groups (e.g., plants, bivalves, conchostracans, and spores/pollen) dropping sharply near the boundary; (2) the subduction and closure of the Paleo-Asian Ocean led to a peak of magmatic activity during the Lopingian–Early Triassic, but this was mainly characterized by intrusions, with only limited volcanism occurring at the same time. Therefore, regional volcanism was unlikely to have been the main cause of the global PTME; (3) the simultaneous timing of regional volcanism and the biotic crisis may have worsened local climate and environmental changes (such as warming and aridification), potentially intensifying the latitudinal differences in the terrestrial PTME. This study emphasizes the importance of future high-precision biostratigraphic and geochronological research to accurately determine the PTME horizon in the region and clarify its relationship with climate change and volcanic activity at the time. Such work is vital for understanding how latitudinal variation influenced this global mass extinction.</p>

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Integrative stratigraphy of the Lopingian–Early Triassic and the end-Permian biotic crisis in Northeast China

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月15日

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  • Cheng Cheng,
  • Yujin Zhang,
  • Yaofeng Cai,
  • Shenglin Jiao,
  • Hua Zhang

摘要

The Permian–Triassic mass extinction (PTME) was the most severe ecological crisis of the Phanerozoic. However, the different responses of marine versus terrestrial ecosystems across various latitudes, along with their underlying mechanisms, remain poorly understood. During the Lopingian to Early Triassic, Northeast China was located at mid-latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere. Its well-developed continental strata offer an ideal opportunity to study the evolution of mid-latitude terrestrial ecosystems and the factors driving the PTME. Still, intense tectonic activity in the region has complicated stratigraphic correlation, hindering detailed research. This paper synthesizes the lithostratigraphy, biostratigraphy, chronostratigraphy, and volcanic records of the Lopingian–Lower Triassic succession in Northeast China. The ages of key stratigraphic units are constrained by zircon U-Pb dates from volcanic interbeds and the maximum depositional ages of detrital zircons. Our findings indicate that: (1) A significant decline in biodiversity and a major biotic turnover occurred during the Permian–Triassic transition, with the abundance and diversity of multiple fossil groups (e.g., plants, bivalves, conchostracans, and spores/pollen) dropping sharply near the boundary; (2) the subduction and closure of the Paleo-Asian Ocean led to a peak of magmatic activity during the Lopingian–Early Triassic, but this was mainly characterized by intrusions, with only limited volcanism occurring at the same time. Therefore, regional volcanism was unlikely to have been the main cause of the global PTME; (3) the simultaneous timing of regional volcanism and the biotic crisis may have worsened local climate and environmental changes (such as warming and aridification), potentially intensifying the latitudinal differences in the terrestrial PTME. This study emphasizes the importance of future high-precision biostratigraphic and geochronological research to accurately determine the PTME horizon in the region and clarify its relationship with climate change and volcanic activity at the time. Such work is vital for understanding how latitudinal variation influenced this global mass extinction.