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<p>A systematic classification of lakes is essential for effective management, conservation, and scientific research. However, existing approaches often overlook the continuous variability of certain indicators among lakes and are constrained by data availability. In this study, we developed a classification system for 439 lakes larger than 10 km<sup>2</sup> in China using geomorphological, hydrological, climatic, and landscape features, employing an archetypal analysis approach. Based on the model fitting results, we identified six distinct lake archetypes, which differ from the traditional five classifications based on geographical regions in China. The water quality of lakes across different archetypes responded to a range of geographic, hydrological, meteorological, soil, and anthropogenic factors. Lakes with the highest nutrient levels were predominantly found in Archetypes 5 and 6, located in northeastern China and the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, respectively, followed by Archetype 3. In these regions, nutrient levels were strongly associated with human activities. In contrast, indicators such as conductivity and permanganate index in different archetypes were primarily influenced by non-human activities, with the impact of human activities being relatively weak. Phytoplankton, represented by chlorophyll-a, showed a significant response to total phosphorus only in Archetypes 3 and 6, while the response to nitrogen and phosphorus was not significant in the other archetypes. This variation in phytoplankton responses may have been influenced by the climatic conditions in these regions, such as temperature. These findings underscore the importance of developing targeted management and conservation strategies for different lake types, considering their distinct responses to nutrient and temperature changes. Smaller lakes, with relatively simple ecological characteristics, can be managed through targeted strategies tailored to specific types. In contrast, larger lakes require more specialized conservation and management efforts to tackle their complex ecosystem challenges.</p>

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The archetype classification of Chinese lakes and their differentiated ecosystem responses

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月21日

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  • Min Zhang,
  • Xiaoli Shi,
  • Zhen Yang,
  • Yang Yu,
  • Limei Shi,
  • Changqing Liu,
  • Enlou Zhang

摘要

A systematic classification of lakes is essential for effective management, conservation, and scientific research. However, existing approaches often overlook the continuous variability of certain indicators among lakes and are constrained by data availability. In this study, we developed a classification system for 439 lakes larger than 10 km2 in China using geomorphological, hydrological, climatic, and landscape features, employing an archetypal analysis approach. Based on the model fitting results, we identified six distinct lake archetypes, which differ from the traditional five classifications based on geographical regions in China. The water quality of lakes across different archetypes responded to a range of geographic, hydrological, meteorological, soil, and anthropogenic factors. Lakes with the highest nutrient levels were predominantly found in Archetypes 5 and 6, located in northeastern China and the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, respectively, followed by Archetype 3. In these regions, nutrient levels were strongly associated with human activities. In contrast, indicators such as conductivity and permanganate index in different archetypes were primarily influenced by non-human activities, with the impact of human activities being relatively weak. Phytoplankton, represented by chlorophyll-a, showed a significant response to total phosphorus only in Archetypes 3 and 6, while the response to nitrogen and phosphorus was not significant in the other archetypes. This variation in phytoplankton responses may have been influenced by the climatic conditions in these regions, such as temperature. These findings underscore the importance of developing targeted management and conservation strategies for different lake types, considering their distinct responses to nutrient and temperature changes. Smaller lakes, with relatively simple ecological characteristics, can be managed through targeted strategies tailored to specific types. In contrast, larger lakes require more specialized conservation and management efforts to tackle their complex ecosystem challenges.