<p>With the rapid global expansion of nuclear energy, the safe and efficient management of radioactive waste has emerged as a critical bottleneck restricting the sustainable development of the nuclear industry. Adsorption-based separation has garnered widespread attention for its high efficiency, facile operation, and inherent selectivity, among which zeolites stand out as promising radionuclide sequestration adsorbents, owing to their tailorable microporous framework, tunable surface chemistry, and exceptional chemical/radiation stability. This review takes adsorption selectivity as the overarching core perspective to systematically consolidate and critically assess the state-of-the-art advances in zeolite-mediated radionuclide adsorption over the past decade. It elaborates the selective adsorption mechanisms of zeolites towards key radionuclides (fission products: Cs, Sr, I; actinides: U, Th), critically analyzes the core factors modulating selectivity (framework topology, framework charge, surface functionalization, solution chemistry), and discusses the practical applications of zeolites in complex scenarios including radionuclide mining wastewater, nuclear power plant effluents, and contaminated soils. This review differs from conventional reviews that mainly focus on adsorption capacity in ideal single-nuclide systems. In contrast, this review systematically addresses selective adsorption mechanisms, performance modulation, and practical applications in complex matrices, aims to establish a theoretical foundation for the rational design of high-selectivity zeolite adsorbents, and provides forward-looking insights into the targeted separation, efficient enrichment, and safe disposal of radionuclides.</p>