<p>Circularly polarized luminescence (CPL)-active polymeric fibers (CPL-PFs) have emerged as a cutting-edge platform integrating chiral topology, dynamic optical response, and mechanical flexibility, offering unique advantages for applications in 3D displays, anti-counterfeiting, and flexible optoelectronics. By combining molecular chirality with hierarchical fiber architectures, CPL-PFs exhibit tunable dissymmetry factors (<i>g</i>_lum) and stimuli-responsive CPL/circularly polarized persistent luminescence properties, enabled by precise molecular design or supramolecular assembly pathways. This review systematically summarizes the recent decade’s progress in CPL-PFs, categorizing them into microscopic nanofibers (<i>e.g.</i>, self-assembly, template method) and macroscopic continuous fibers (<i>e.g.</i>, electrospinning or mechanical twisting). Key design strategies for chiral moieties and luminophores, as well as fabrication methodologies for CPL-PFs, are examined in terms of their effects on chiroptical performance. This review also highlights applications in information security displays and circularly polarized organic light-emitting diodes, emphasizing the synergy between structural anisotropy and CPL amplification. Despite advances, challenges persist in achieving high <i>g</i>_lum values, environmental stability, and scalable production. Future research will focus on developing systems with tunable molecular states to enable high-performance integrated luminescence and dynamic CPL switching. This review aims to inspire interdisciplinary efforts to unlock the full potential of CPL-PFs in next-generation flexible technologies.</p>