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Purpose <p>Regional traditional plant khat, which have been recreationally used world-wide recently, has been proven to be a mixture of several biologically active ingredients. Herein, a chosen specimen, vitreous humor (VH) and a novel pretreatment, electromembrane extraction (EME), are applied for forensic investigations of such abused plant.</p> Methods <p>VH, as an alternative matrix, is being used for evaluating possible compounds more and more; EME, a novel and efficient pretreatment method, is applied to detect the ingredients from natural complex matrices with advantages of a more sustainable microextraction technique. This study aims to analyze the ingredients of khat, norephedrine (NE), norpseudoephedrine (NPE) and cathinone (CTN), as well as their concentrations in VH of khat-treated mice applying EME.</p> Results <p>After optimization, 2-ethylnitrobenzene (ENB)/undecanol was used as the support liquid membrane (SLM), HCl (pH = 2) as the acceptor solution, extraction voltage at 60&#xa0;V, and extraction time for 30&#xa0;min. The established EME was combined with liquid chromatography–ultraviolet spectrometry (LC–UV) and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) to evaluate spiked VH. The LOD of NE, NPE, and CTN were 0.40–1.90&#xa0;µg/mL with linearity (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup> &gt; 0.9624) and repeatability (&lt; 13%).</p> Conclusions <p>By this method, NE, NPE, and CTN were detected to be 14.4 ± 0.54&#xa0;µg/mL, 8.50 ± 0.69&#xa0;µg/mL, and 90.5 ± 7.88&#xa0;µg/mL in VH of mice administrated with khat for 28&#xa0;days.</p>

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Electromembrane extraction (EME)–LC–MS/MS of khat: improving separation and determination of bioactive ingredients in traditional plant and vitreous humor

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月13日

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  • Aijia Zhang,
  • Shuang Ye,
  • Zilong Liu,
  • Lingzhi Tan,
  • Man Liang

摘要

Purpose

Regional traditional plant khat, which have been recreationally used world-wide recently, has been proven to be a mixture of several biologically active ingredients. Herein, a chosen specimen, vitreous humor (VH) and a novel pretreatment, electromembrane extraction (EME), are applied for forensic investigations of such abused plant.

Methods

VH, as an alternative matrix, is being used for evaluating possible compounds more and more; EME, a novel and efficient pretreatment method, is applied to detect the ingredients from natural complex matrices with advantages of a more sustainable microextraction technique. This study aims to analyze the ingredients of khat, norephedrine (NE), norpseudoephedrine (NPE) and cathinone (CTN), as well as their concentrations in VH of khat-treated mice applying EME.

Results

After optimization, 2-ethylnitrobenzene (ENB)/undecanol was used as the support liquid membrane (SLM), HCl (pH = 2) as the acceptor solution, extraction voltage at 60 V, and extraction time for 30 min. The established EME was combined with liquid chromatography–ultraviolet spectrometry (LC–UV) and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) to evaluate spiked VH. The LOD of NE, NPE, and CTN were 0.40–1.90 µg/mL with linearity (R2 > 0.9624) and repeatability (< 13%).

Conclusions

By this method, NE, NPE, and CTN were detected to be 14.4 ± 0.54 µg/mL, 8.50 ± 0.69 µg/mL, and 90.5 ± 7.88 µg/mL in VH of mice administrated with khat for 28 days.