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<p>Research on imprisonment and noncitizens has predominantly focused on the United States and Europe. Limited attention has been paid to disparities between citizens and non-citizens within prison systems in regions like Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean. Expanding these research efforts to explore other regional&#xa0;contexts around the world is particularly important in an era of increasing globalization and cross-border migration. This study addresses this gap by examining the proportion of foreign nationals held in prison in 13 countries in Asia and 23 Latin America and Caribbean countries. Using data from the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime from 2015 to 2019, it tests the hypothesis that foreign citizens in these countries may face a disproportionately higher risk of incarceration. This study endeavors to clarify drivers of high risk of incarceration, examining sociocultural, economic and institutional factors. Preliminary findings suggest that citizenship-based disparities in incarceration&#xa0;exist among Asian, Latin American, and Caribbean&#xa0;countries, and that nations with more equitable criminal justice systems, marked by a lower proportion of foreign nationals in prison, tend to exhibit lower levels of democratization, income inequality, and ethnic fractionalization, but higher levels of GDP per capita. The results highlight the need for much more detailed research into the relationships between incarceration and citizenship between countries to discover&#xa0;the sources of&#xa0;variability and&#xa0;to&#xa0;design appropriate policies for equitable criminal justice systems.</p>

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Citizenship-Based Disparities in Incarceration: A Comparative Look at Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月19日

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  • Ellen G. Cohn,
  • Suman Kakar,
  • Mario Coccia

摘要

Research on imprisonment and noncitizens has predominantly focused on the United States and Europe. Limited attention has been paid to disparities between citizens and non-citizens within prison systems in regions like Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean. Expanding these research efforts to explore other regional contexts around the world is particularly important in an era of increasing globalization and cross-border migration. This study addresses this gap by examining the proportion of foreign nationals held in prison in 13 countries in Asia and 23 Latin America and Caribbean countries. Using data from the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime from 2015 to 2019, it tests the hypothesis that foreign citizens in these countries may face a disproportionately higher risk of incarceration. This study endeavors to clarify drivers of high risk of incarceration, examining sociocultural, economic and institutional factors. Preliminary findings suggest that citizenship-based disparities in incarceration exist among Asian, Latin American, and Caribbean countries, and that nations with more equitable criminal justice systems, marked by a lower proportion of foreign nationals in prison, tend to exhibit lower levels of democratization, income inequality, and ethnic fractionalization, but higher levels of GDP per capita. The results highlight the need for much more detailed research into the relationships between incarceration and citizenship between countries to discover the sources of variability and to design appropriate policies for equitable criminal justice systems.