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Purpose <p>This study evaluated the effects of biochar and NPK fertilizer, applied alone or in combination, on the growth of <i>Casuarina equisetifolia</i> seedlings in a pot experiment. It further explored the relationships among root morphology, photosynthetic performance, nutrient uptake, and soil properties in order to identify suitable application regimes.</p> Materials and methods <p>A pot experiment with eight treatments, including a control, single biochar treatments, a single NPK treatment, and combined biochar–NPK treatments, was conducted. Seedling growth, root architecture, photosynthetic parameters, tissue nutrient contents, and soil properties were measured. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to comprehensively evaluate treatment performance.</p> Results and discussion <p>Results showed that biochar-fertilizer application generally improved seedling growth performance. The FB1 treatment (low-biochar + NPK) improved root architecture, with root length, root surface area, root volume, and root tip number increasing by 2496.33 cm, 232.42 cm<sup>2</sup>, 1.78 cm<sup>3</sup> and 226.65% respectively, compared to the control group, while stomatal conductance and leaf phosphorus accumulation increased by 288.7% and 68.36%, respectively. The FB2 treatment (medium-biochar + NPK) notably increased plant height increment by 36.2% and net photosynthetic rate by 92.5%, along with an increased chlorophyll a/b ratio of 31.3%. Principal component analysis indicated that the combined biochar-fertilizer treatments performed better than the single-application treatments. These responses may be associated with changes in soil properties, enzyme activity, and nutrient availability.</p> Conclusions <p>Biochar-fertilizer application improved seedling growth performance and was associated with increased root development, photosynthesis, and favorable changes in soil properties. This study provides an integrated evaluation of seedling responses to biochar-fertilizer application and offers preliminary information for the management of coastal shelterbelts.</p>

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Effects of biochar and NPK fertilization on growth, root traits, and physiological performance of Casuarina equisetifolia seedlings

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月30日

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  • Bin Xie,
  • Lin Zhao,
  • Qiping Qiu,
  • Han Lin,
  • Can Chen,
  • Anqiang Xie,
  • Chuanyang Jiang,
  • Zichuan Chen

摘要

Purpose

This study evaluated the effects of biochar and NPK fertilizer, applied alone or in combination, on the growth of Casuarina equisetifolia seedlings in a pot experiment. It further explored the relationships among root morphology, photosynthetic performance, nutrient uptake, and soil properties in order to identify suitable application regimes.

Materials and methods

A pot experiment with eight treatments, including a control, single biochar treatments, a single NPK treatment, and combined biochar–NPK treatments, was conducted. Seedling growth, root architecture, photosynthetic parameters, tissue nutrient contents, and soil properties were measured. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to comprehensively evaluate treatment performance.

Results and discussion

Results showed that biochar-fertilizer application generally improved seedling growth performance. The FB1 treatment (low-biochar + NPK) improved root architecture, with root length, root surface area, root volume, and root tip number increasing by 2496.33 cm, 232.42 cm2, 1.78 cm3 and 226.65% respectively, compared to the control group, while stomatal conductance and leaf phosphorus accumulation increased by 288.7% and 68.36%, respectively. The FB2 treatment (medium-biochar + NPK) notably increased plant height increment by 36.2% and net photosynthetic rate by 92.5%, along with an increased chlorophyll a/b ratio of 31.3%. Principal component analysis indicated that the combined biochar-fertilizer treatments performed better than the single-application treatments. These responses may be associated with changes in soil properties, enzyme activity, and nutrient availability.

Conclusions

Biochar-fertilizer application improved seedling growth performance and was associated with increased root development, photosynthesis, and favorable changes in soil properties. This study provides an integrated evaluation of seedling responses to biochar-fertilizer application and offers preliminary information for the management of coastal shelterbelts.