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Purpose <p>This study aims to investigate the contamination characteristics, source apportionment, migration mechanisms, and health risks of trace metals (TMs) in the soil and groundwater system at a historically informal landfill site in Zhejiang Province, China.</p> Materials and methods <p>A total of 78 soil samples and 9 groundwater samples were collected, and the concentrations of TMs were determined using ICP-OES. The geoaccumulation index (<i>I</i><sub>geo</sub>) and the potential ecological risk index (<i>ERI</i>) were applied to assess the contamination levels and ecological risks, respectively. Source apportionment of soil TMs was performed using a self-organizing map (SOM), Pearson correlation analysis, and principal component analysis (PCA). The solid–liquid partition coefficient (K<sub>d</sub>) was used to evaluate the migration potential of TMs. Finally, health risks posed by TMs in soil were quantitatively assessed using a Monte Carlo-based probabilistic risk assessment approach.</p> Results and discussion <p>The concentrations of Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb, and Cd in soil exceeded local background values, while Pb in groundwater surpassed the national Class III standard. Cd was identified as the dominant contributor to both soil contamination and ecological risk. Strong spatial heterogeneity was observed in soil TMs, with their migration primarily influenced by pH and organic matter. Cd and Hg exhibited high mobility. Source apportionment revealed three major pollution sources: industrial metal waste and natural sources (Cu, Zn, Ni), domestic waste and electronic hazardous waste (Pb, Hg), and admium-specific industrial/chemical pollution factor (Cd). Probabilistic risk assessments indicated negligible non-carcinogenic risks and acceptable carcinogenic risks for adults, while children faced elevated cancer risks primarily driven by Cd.</p> Conclusions <p>Significant enrichment of TMs was found in the soil and groundwater system at a historically informal landfill site in Zhejiang Province, China. The non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks associated with soil TMs were both below acceptable levels. Cd was identified as the primary contributor to both contamination and health risk.</p>

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Integrated source apportionment, migration analysis, and probabilistic risk assessment of trace metals in soil–groundwater systems at an informal landfill

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月12日

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  • Mengqi Liu,
  • Siyuan Chen,
  • Xueyan Yu,
  • Congcong Sun,
  • Xiaofei Yan

摘要

Purpose

This study aims to investigate the contamination characteristics, source apportionment, migration mechanisms, and health risks of trace metals (TMs) in the soil and groundwater system at a historically informal landfill site in Zhejiang Province, China.

Materials and methods

A total of 78 soil samples and 9 groundwater samples were collected, and the concentrations of TMs were determined using ICP-OES. The geoaccumulation index (Igeo) and the potential ecological risk index (ERI) were applied to assess the contamination levels and ecological risks, respectively. Source apportionment of soil TMs was performed using a self-organizing map (SOM), Pearson correlation analysis, and principal component analysis (PCA). The solid–liquid partition coefficient (Kd) was used to evaluate the migration potential of TMs. Finally, health risks posed by TMs in soil were quantitatively assessed using a Monte Carlo-based probabilistic risk assessment approach.

Results and discussion

The concentrations of Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb, and Cd in soil exceeded local background values, while Pb in groundwater surpassed the national Class III standard. Cd was identified as the dominant contributor to both soil contamination and ecological risk. Strong spatial heterogeneity was observed in soil TMs, with their migration primarily influenced by pH and organic matter. Cd and Hg exhibited high mobility. Source apportionment revealed three major pollution sources: industrial metal waste and natural sources (Cu, Zn, Ni), domestic waste and electronic hazardous waste (Pb, Hg), and admium-specific industrial/chemical pollution factor (Cd). Probabilistic risk assessments indicated negligible non-carcinogenic risks and acceptable carcinogenic risks for adults, while children faced elevated cancer risks primarily driven by Cd.

Conclusions

Significant enrichment of TMs was found in the soil and groundwater system at a historically informal landfill site in Zhejiang Province, China. The non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks associated with soil TMs were both below acceptable levels. Cd was identified as the primary contributor to both contamination and health risk.